Differences Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods Psychology Essay

Differences Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods Psychology Essay The aim of any science is gaining knowledge and choosing the appropriate method that allows us to know the reality is therefore essential1. The problem is to accept as true the wrong knowledge or vice versa. Inductive and deductive methods have different objectives and could be summarized as theory development and theory analysis, respectively. The inductive methods are generally associated with qualitative research while deductive method is often associated with quantitative research. Health Social scientists using qualitative approaches now facing epistemological and methodological problems that have to do with power and ethics in data generation as well as external validity of these2. The quantitative research is one in which data are collected and analyzed quantitative variables. qualitative research prevents quantification. Qualitative researchers make narrative records of the phenomena that are studied by techniques such as participant observation and unstructured interviews3. The fundamental difference between the methodologies is that the quantitative studies the association or relationship between quantifiable and qualitative variables makes structural and situational contexts4. Qualitative research seeks to identify the underlying nature of reality, its relations system, its dynamic structure. The quantitative research is to determine the strength of association or correlation between variables, generalization and objectivity of the results through a sample inference to a population sample from which all comes. After the study of the association or correlation seeks, in turn, make causal inferences as to why things happen or not a particular way. The most obvious differences between the methodologies are shown in Table 1 5.6. The fundamentals of quantitative methodology can be found in the positivism that arises in the first third of the nineteenth century as a reaction to the empiricism which was devoted to collect data without entering any knowledge beyond the field of observation. Some of the scientists this time focusing on issues related to health sciences are Pasteur and Claude Bernard, the latter being the proposed experimentation in medicine1. In the early twentieth century, neo-positivism arises or logical positivism to be one of the most important contributions to probabilistic induction. The key is logical positivism and testing hypotheses probabilistically if accepted and demonstrated in different circumstances from those develop general theories. The statistics available quantitative tools to test these hypotheses and to accept or reject a particular security7. Thus the scientific method, following an observation generates a hypothesis and subsequently broadcasts contrasting conclusions arising from that hypothesis testing. The verified repeatedly test an hypothesis does not give an absolute guarantee of generalization because, as Karl Popper points out, not it has no method can guarantee that the generalization of a hypothesis is valid8. With the example of the swans, K. Poppers thesis refuting the generalization neopositivists on assumptions9 all swans were white from Austria no data are available about the color of swans outside Austria all swans are white . At present there is no method to ensure that generalization of a hypothesis is valid, but one can refute a hypothesis with a shred of evidence against it. That is why science, as noted by K. Popper looking increasingly better explanations Advantages and disadvantages of the methods The advantages and disadvantages of qualitative vs. quantitative methods are shown in Table 2 11-13. In general, quantitative methods are very powerful in terms of external validity as a representative sample of the population makes inference to this population from a sample (Figure 1) With a defined security and accuracy. Therefore a limitation of qualitative methods is their difficulty to generalize. The quantitative research to test hypotheses not only eliminates the role of chance to exclude or reject a hypothesis, but to quantify the clinical relevance of a phenomenon by measuring the relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number of patients needed to treat to prevent one event14. The question that obviously do qualitative and quantitative research is how are your general particularize ? Today there is a clear predominance of quantitative research in relation to qualitative and we can objectify it in a Medline search to date 20/4/2002 using the keywords quantitative research vs. qualitative research are 11,236 and 1,249 items respectively generating a ratio 11.236/1.249 = 8.99. The select one or other methodology may rely on different approaches: Are looking for the magnitude or nature of the phenomenon?, Is looking for an average or a dynamic structure?, It aims to discover laws or understand human phenomena?. When in the Medline search on the keywords above mentioned add nursing to focus the question in nursing work objectify the ratio of qualitative vs. quantitative items (610 vs. 535) clearly decreases to 1.14 thus showing a significant weight of qualitative research in nursing despite a predominance of the quantitative and still expanding in recent years in this group. The use of both qualitative and quantitative procedures in an investigation would probably help correct the biases of each method, but the fact that quantitative methodology is the most widely used is not the product of chance but of the evolution of scientific method along the years. We believe in this sense that quantification increases and facilitates the compression of the universe around us and long before the logical positivists or neopositivists Galileo Galilei argued in this sense measure what is measurable and make measurable what is not is . Table 1. Differences between qualitative and quantitative research5.6. Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Focusing on the phenomenology and understanding Based on the probabilistic induction of logical positivism Uncontrolled naturalistic observation Measuring pervasive and controlled Subjective Objective Inferences from their data Inferences beyond the data Exploratory, inductive and descriptive Confirmatory inferential, deductive Process-oriented Result oriented Data rich and deep Data solid and repeatable Not generalizable Generalizable Holistic Particularist Dynamic reality Static reality Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of quantitative versus qualitative methods. Qualitative Methods Quantitative Methods Propensity to comunicarse withThe study subjects11 Proneness use ofThe study subjects11 It merely ask11 Only responds11 Horizontal communication between researcher and researched greater ease and ability to study social factors in a natural setting12 ÂÂ   They are strong in terms of internal validity, but weak in external validity, which are not generalizable to the population They are weak in terms of internal validity, almost never know if they measure what they want to measure, but are strong in external validity, what they find is generalizable to the population13 Quantitative ask: How particularize are the findings? Qualitative ask: Are your findings generalizable? Figure 1. Elements of statistical inference Quantitative methodology is one that can examine the data in figures, especially in the field of statistics. Quantitative Methods For there is required that elements of the research problem there is a relationship whose nature is linear. This means that there is clarity between the research components that make up the problem, it is possible to define, limit and know exactly where the problem starts, in which direction to go and what kind of impact between its elements. Quantitative research is widely used in the natural sciences and social, from physics and biology to sociology and journalism. In the social sciencesThe term is often used in contrast to qualitative research. Types of quantitative research [edit] Descriptive research [edit] It refers to the preparatory phase of scientific work that allows ordering the result of observations of the behaviors, features, The factors, Procedures and other variables of phenomena and facts. Such research is not hypothesis explained. Analytical investigation [edit] It is a more complex procedure with respect to descriptive research, which mainly consists in making the comparison of variables between study groups and control without applying or manipulating variables, studying them as they naturally occur in the groups. It also refers to the proposition hypothesis that the researcher is test or deny. hg Experimental Research [edit] It is a methodological procedure in which a group of individuals or conglomerate, are randomly divided into study groups and ontrol and are analyzed with respect to one factor or as the researcher introduced to study and assess. INTRODUCTION The research is a process thorough, careful and systematic which seeks to resolve problemsEither vacuum knowledge (scientific research) Or ManagementBut in both cases is organized and guarantees the production of knowledge or viable alternative solutions. In this test Needless to say, our object of study is to establish the differences between the qualitative research and quantitative research., although both are generally part of research science, which is defined as a methodical and systematic process aimed at solving problems or scientific questions, by producing new knowledge, which constitute the solution or answer to these questions. From this it is possible to reflect on the approach that there is clear: If we are trying to scientific research, it is possible to develop two major approaches: qualitative and quantitative, in the former means that the amount is part of the quality, as well as given further attention deep into the results and not its generalization, while in the quantitative approach, the important thing is the generalization or universalization of research results. Therefore, an investigation should not speak or to Paradigm Qualitative, Methodology Qualitative or Qualitative Research, as are the qualitative or quantitative approaches to scientific research, and both can be used in one investigation, interacting methodologies. We believe that differences are not present at the type of problem to be investigated, but in terms of the methods and instruments which each applies and the way they treat the results. We hope that the information gathered here helps to understand the importance of scientific research whatever the paradigm that is used. Finally, the combination of both paradigms help achieve optimal results research in the field of health and particularly in that the Nursing.. The Group 1 .- Qualitative Research The qualitative methodology, as its very name, is aim the description the qualities of a phenomenon. Find a concept that can cover a part of reality. This is not to prove or to measure the degree to which a certain quality is given a certain event, but to discover so many qualities as possible. In qualitative research should discuss in depth understanding rather than accuracy: it seeks a deep understanding as possible. The origins of qualitative methods are found in antiquity but from the nineteenth century with the rise of science social especially the sociology and anthropology This methodology begins to develop gradually. However after the Second War World there was a predominance of quantitative methodology with the dominance of functionalist and structuralist perspectives. It is not until the 60s that cut qualitative research methodology emerged as a front-line, mainly in United States and Britain. From this moment, in the academic and investigative there are a constant evolution theory and practice of qualitative methodology. Among the main features of this methodology include: Qualitative research is inductive. It has a holistic perspective, ie considering the phenomenon as a whole. These small studies scale which only represent themselves It emphasizes the validity of research through proximity to the empirical reality that provides the methodology. Not usually probe theories or hypothesis. It is primarily a method generate theories and hypoththesis. No rules procedure. The collection method data not specified in advance. The variables are not operationally defined or are prone to measurement. The base is in intuition. The research is nature flexible, evolutionary and recursive. Generally does not allow analysis Statistical You can incorporate findings that were not foreseen (Serendipity) Qualitative researchers involved in research through interaction with the subjects they study, is the measuring instrument. Analyze and understand the subjects and phenomena from the perspective of the last two; must delete or remove their prejudices and beliefs 1.1 .- QUALITATIVE FEATURES OF THE METHODOLOGY The characteristics of qualitative methodology that we can point to as a synopsis are A first characteristic of these methods has resulted in their Strategy to try to know the facts, processes, structures and people as a whole, and not through the measurement of some of its elements. The same strategy already indicates the Employment of procedures giving a character only to observations. The second characteristic is the use of procedures that are less comparable observations in the time and in different cultural circumstances, ie, this method finds less widespread and closer to the phenomenology and symbolic interactionism. A third important strategic feature for this work concerns the role of the researcher in their intensive-treatment-with the people involved in the research process to understand. The researcher develops and maintains guidelines and central problems of their work during the research process itself. For this reason, the concepts found in qualitative research in most cases are not operationalized since the beginning of the investigation, ie not defined since the beginning of indicators to be taken into account during the research process. This feature points to another debate epistemological, very hot, on the question of objectivity in the social research. 2 .- RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE Surge in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in the process consolidation Capitalism and within the Society Western bourgeois. In order to analyze the conflict social and economic fact as Universe complex. Inspired by the Science Natural and these in physical Newtonian from knowledge of Galileo. With Claude Saint-Simon and Auguste Comte arises Sociology as Science. Their rationale is based on scientism and Rationalism, As institutionalists epistemological stance. Profound attachment to the tradition of Science and use of value-neutrality as a criterion of objectivity, so the knowledge is grounded in the facts, with little attention subjectivity of individuals. His representation of reality is partial and fragmented. The expert becomes a authority really. Hurtado and Toro (1998). They say the research Quantitative is a linear, meaning that there is clarity between the elements of the problem, which has definitions, limitations and know exactly where the problem starts, it is also important to know what kind of impact between its elements. 2.1 .- CHARACTERISTICS METHODOLOGY QUANTITATIVE Quantitative methodology is one that allows us to examine the data numerically, especially in the field of Statistics. Quantitative Methods For there is required that elements of the research problem there is a relationship whose Nature is linear. This means that there is clarity between the elements of the research problem that make the problem, it is possible to define, limit and know exactly where the problem starts, in which address going and what kind of impact between its elements. The elements consist of a problem, research Linear, are called: variables, Ratio between variable and unit observation. Edelmira G. La Rosa (1995) says that there should be clarity Quantitative Methodology between elements of research from which starts until it ends, the approach is static data is assigned numerical significance. The approach of the quantitative data are statistical, demonstrates with separate aspects of all, the meaning assigned numbers and make inferences Objectivity is the only way to achieve knowledgeAnd therefore uses the measurement comprehensive and controlled, trying to find the certainty of it. The object of study is the unique element Empiricus. She maintains that the relationship exist independence between subject and object, since the researcher has a perspective from outside. The theory is the fundamental element Social research, Brings its origin, context and purpose. Explanatory and predicative understanding of reality, under an objective conception, unitary static and reductionist. Linear conception of research through a Strategy deductive. It method Hypothetical Deductive. 2.2. QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS The limitations are placed at a number risks distortion, the least of which is certainly not the conversion of the qualitative deformans in quantities previously artificially transmuted calculated on ad hoc data Gonzalez Casanova (1975) mentions that the prospect Quantitative and emphasis are related to many other characteristics of the researcher. Overall we can say that analysis Quantitative is typical especially in the social sciences who work with people, binds to Empiricism and the Ideology the process of Social Sciences. Sorokin researcher has indicated the limitations of quantitative research: Quantitatively disguised subjectivity. Quantitative conjugation groups to study the systems Social. Take one part of system as the independent variable (cause) and all of the quantitative data that can be seen in the research traditional. 3 .- Differences between quantitative and qualitative research The aim of any science is gaining knowledge and choosing the appropriate method that allows us to know the reality is therefore essential1. The problem is to accept as true the wrong knowledge or vice versa. methods inductive and deductive are objectives different and could be summarized as development theory and theory analysis, respectively. The inductive methods are generally associated with qualitative research while the deductive method is often associated with quantitative research. Social scientists in health Doctors, nurses, health technicians, etc.. Using qualitative approaches now facing problems epistemological and methodological approaches are concerned with the can and ethics in data generation as well as external validity of these. Quantitative research is one in which data are collected and analyzed quantitative variables. Qualitative research prevents quantification. Qualitative researchers are records Narrative of the phenomena that are studied by techniques as participant observation and interviews unstructured. The fundamental difference between the methodologies is that the quantitative studies the association or relationship between quantifiable and qualitative variables makes structural and situational contexts. Qualitative research seeks to identify the underlying nature of reality, its system of relationships, structure dynamic, While quantitative research tries to determine the strength association or correlation between variables, generalization and objectivity of the results through a sample to make an inference population which shows all relevant. After the study of the association or correlation seeks, in turn, make causal inferences as to why things happen or not a particular way. The Employment both procedures quantitative and qualitative research could probably help correct the biases of each method, but the fact that quantitative methodology is the most used is not product accident but the evolution of scientific method over the years. We believe in this sense that quantification increases and facilitates the compression of the universe around us and long before the logical positivists or neopositivists Galileo Galilei asserted in this sense measure what is measurable and make measurable what is not. Differences between qualitative and quantitative research Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Centered phenomenology and understanding Based on the induction probabilistic positivism logical Uncontrolled naturalistic observation Measuring pervasive and controlled Subjective Objective Inferences from their data Inferences beyond the data Exploratory, inductive and descriptive Confirmatory inferential, deductive Process-oriented Result oriented Data rich and deep Data solid and repeatable Not generalizable Generalizable Holistic Particularist Dynamic reality Static reality ÂÂ   Advantages and disadvantages of qualitative methods vs. quantity. Qualitative Methods Quantitative Methods Propensity to comunicarse withThe study subjects Proneness use ofThe study subjects It merely ask Only responds Horizontal communication between researcher and researched greater ease and ability to study social factors in a natural setting ÂÂ   They are strong in terms of internal validity, but weak in external validity, which are not generalizable to the population They are weak in terms of internal validity, almost never know if they measure what they want to measure, but are strong in external validity, what they find is generalizable to the population Quantitative ask: How particularize are the findings? Qualitative ask: Are your findings generalizable? One criticism that often make the quantitative approaches from the perspective of qualitative methods is their propensity to use more to communicate with, the study subjects. The argument is that the polls individuals used to extract them information which is then processed without holding without any sort of return to those who gave rise to the data. It is further said that the situation of interview is as artificial-one simply ask the other to respond, it is possible to make very strong questions about the validity of the data thus obtained. In change, Qualitative methods seem to find one of their sources of legitimation primaries that allow communication more horizontal-egalitarian-between the researcher and the subjects investigated. Without denying that some of the qualitative approaches such as depth interviews and life histories enable a more natural subjects, must be considered with more details on the conditions that make such encounters possible. In countries America America, including Cuba, Most studies are done on / socials subjects living under some form of subordination of gender (for women), sexual (in the case of sexual minorities, etc.). In many cases it is precisely this condition of subordination which gives rise to its willingness to collaborate. Authors such as Castro and Bronfman suggest that for more democratic we are, access to groups subordinate is given to us by what our status is. This produces a dilemma that challenges the root of the argument made at the beginning of this section, in the sense that qualitative research itself is claimed from his naturalism of his supposed ability to study the social actors in its natural setting. CONCLUSIONS The research is a rigorous, thorough and systematic which seeks to solve problems, either from lack of knowledge (scientific research) Or ManagementBut in both cases is organized and guarantees the production of knowledge or viable alternative solutions. Research is a methodical and systematic process aimed at solving problems or scientific questions, by producing new knowledge, which constitute the solution or answer to such questions Quantitative research is analyzing the various elements that can be measured and quantified. All information is obtained based on population samples and the results are extrapolated to the entire population at a given level of error and confidence level. Qualitative research reports on the credibility of the communication, or concepts, or the benefits offered. Qualitative studies are seen to individual respondent, on the one hand, and on the other hand look at the product, or under investigation and on which survey and that is the stimulus generator of certain behaviors among individuals. These observations acquire a character probabilistic, and hence projectable to the universe in a second stage of the investigation that it will be quantitative. Quantitative research uses numbers and statistical methods. Part of individual cases to reach a description general or check hypothesis causal. It says a quantitative systematic-generalizing. Qualitative research includes approaches by definition, not based on numerical measures. He uses in-depth interviews and analysis materials historical. Use the method of discourse and attempts to comprehensively examine an event or unit. They say quality-humanist discourse. From this it is possible to reflect on the approach that there is clear: If we are trying to scientific research, two approaches can be developed significant qualitative and quantitative, in the former means that the amount is part of the quality also be given greater attention to the depth of results and not its generalization, while in the quantitative approach, the important thing is the generalization or universalization of research results. Therefore, an investigation should not speak or to Paradigm Qualitative, Qualitative or Qualitative Research Methodology, as are the qualitative or quantitative approaches to scientific research.

Comedy in Benignis Life Is Beautiful Essay -- essays research papers

Roberto Benigni's moving film, Life is Beautiful, is a film that is set in a concentration camp and combines comedy with the seriousness of the extermination of the Jews in Nazi Germany during the Holocaust. In Life is Beautiful, the real purpose of the film, is a love story on many levels. It is a tale about a man and his â€Å"principessa†, a man and his son, a man and his life. It is a tale about choosing how to exist and choosing how to die. The movie was primarily made for entertainment, using the Holocaust as its setting. Despite the film’s failed attempt to really capture the seriousness of the Holocaust, certain details still appear to be accurate. The removal of clothing at the arrival at the concentration camp, the showers, the separating of the families, the lack of food, and the unnecessary gassing of hundreds of Jews, are clearly shown throughout the movie just as it occurred years before. Guido, the main character, is sent to part from his beloved wife, and taken to the other side of the camp with his son. Wanting to keep the truth away from his son, he explains...

Macbeth †How Shakespeare presents the characters in Act 3 Scene 1 Essay

How do their words thoughts and actions make the scene such a dramatic and important scene in the play? In the majority of Shakespeare’s compositions, Act 3 usually consists, in terms of context, the most important scenes in the play. Macbeth is no different; Act 3 and in particular Act 3 Scene 1 is the point in the play where events are rapidly building to a dramatic and tragic climax. In the previous scenes the audience witnessed the violent assassination of the much loved King Duncan by Macbeth followed by the (said / mentioned) murderer’s inevitable election as king. In a historical context, the general public at the time of the production’s release would have understood the significance and seriousness of Macbeth’s actions more so than modern day audiences. Regicide was not only seen as an evil act against king and country but also against God. The Divine Right of King’s was widely believed; which stated every monarch is selected by God and has sole right to the throne (usurper). More notably, genuine threats such as the Gunpowder Plot against the ruler at the time, King James I, made the murder of King Duncan not only more believable but something audiences could actually relate to. Act 3 Scene 1 commences with a condemning soliloquy by Banquo. He shares with the audience his strong accusations regarding the manner in which Macbeth has become King Speaking dangerously of deceit and treason, ‘Thou played’st most foully for’t’, Shakespeare cleverly aligns Banquo with the audience and in doing so emphasizes the shocking nature of King Duncan’s murder. In the soliloquy there is also a reference to the witches’ predictions for Banquo’s descendants, ‘myself should be the root and father of many kings. ‘ This line would have been of great interest to King James I as it suggests he is a descendant of Banquo. Some critics argue that Shakespeare wrote Macbeth to flatter the new king. The direct relation between Banquo and King James is hinted a few times during the play. Add this to the fact Shakespeare altered Holinshed’s version of events that were written years earlier then you could be mistaken for agreeing with the critics. Shakespeare made Macbeth solely responsible for Duncan’s murder when actually Banquo was an accomplice to the murder. Proud to be in their new role, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth greet Banquo very majestically, ‘here’s our chief guest. ‘ Shrewdly, they attempt to make Banquo feel important and well appreciated, ‘If he had been forgotten, it had been a big gap in our great feast.’ However this was all a big act, as the audience was about to find out. I imagine in this part of the scene Lady Macbeth’s introduction would have been very grand and regal as if she loved her new role. After all, she had finally achieved what she and her husband had always dreamt of, ‘My dearest partner of greatness.’ Shakespeare makes it clear that Macbeth is now king by altering slightly the way in which Macbeth behaves and addresses others. He exposes a kinder, more inviting aspect to his personality by hosting a feast, ‘Tonight we hold a great feast and I’ll request your presence.’ The verb request is significant because it implies the invitational is optional, however I don’t believe anyone would turn down an offer from the King as there may be serious consequences. Macbeth continues to take great interest in Macbeths proposed journey which causes the audience to suspect that Banquo might be in danger. Arguably for the very first time in the play, we witness the devious and crafty personality of Macbeth. Shakespeare uses a combination of irony and flattery in his writing to hide the fact Macbeth is actually intensively interrogating Banquo, ‘fail not our feast’ and ‘Ride you this afternoon’ are two examples of this. The quote ‘fail not our feast’ is ironic because the audience have been discretely made aware that Macbeth intends to have Banquo murdered whilst he is out riding and will therefore not return for the feast. After dismissing Banquo, Macbeth makes a rather bold and surprising decision to do the same with his wife, ‘Till supper time alone, while then God be with you.’ I believe this to be the point in the play where the tide turns. Up until now, it has been Macbeth who has relied heavily on his wife. He consulted everything with her. However, now that he finally has the crown upon his head, I think he feels that she has nothing left to offer. Personally this is pure ignorance on Macbeth’s part and sense this might be a catalyst for his downfall -Macbeth’s hamartia. A hamartia is basically an ‘error in judgement, a cause of a tragic hero’s (in this case Macbeth) misfortune. Lady Macbeth aids his downfall, as she has pushed him to become so ambitious and arrogant that he feels he will be more successful without her. However, Macbeth has other hamartias which are explored further on. If I was directing this scene, I would strive to get the key point across. Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have just been crowned king and Queen of their beloved nation. The ‘honeymoon’ period has just begun and they both absolutely adore their new roles, ‘Thou hast it now King, Cawdor, Glamis, all.’ Therefore, I would endeavour to make sure this comes across to the audience by ensuring the actors were dressed accordingly; royal robes and jewellery etc. Also, the actors should portray a relieved and joyful persona to illustrate the fact that Macbeth and his wife’s efforts have finally been rewarded. During Macbeth’s soliloquy in Act 3 Scene 1, Shakespeare reveals the character’s true colours. Macbeth explains that despite Banquo being his best friend, he understands that Banquo must be murdered in order for him to remain in power; ‘to be thus is nothing, but to be safely thus.’ This extract would confirm the audiences’ earlier thoughts and feelings about Macbeth’s intentions with Banquo. It also proves that the compassion and sincerity he showed towards Banquo in their last conversation was just an act. Shakespeare compares Macbeth’s feelings about Banquo to an actual event in the past, ‘as it is said Mark Antony’s was by Caesar.’ Macbeth acknowledges Banquo’s integrity but cannot help feeling that perhaps he is the Achilles heel to making him last upon the throne. Just as in Ancient Rome, Mark Antony was said to be in fear of Octavius Caesar. Throughout the soliloquy you get the sense that Macbeth has constant mood swings. His feelings vary rapidly, from fear of Banquo at the beginning; ‘our fears in Banquo stick deep.’ to pure hatred of Banquo at the end, ‘No son of mine succeeding, for Banquo’s issue have I filed my mind.’ His change in character is particularly noticeable when compared to Act 2 Scene 1. During this soliloquy, Macbeth has little conviction when contemplating the murder of Duncan whereas now he speaks confidently with passion and conviction. Which is startling seen as he is about to have his closest companion murdered. As the murderers appear on stage, the audience are immediately made aware that Macbeth has already spoken with them â€Å"Was it not yesterday we spoke together.† This extract implies that Macbeth had been planning to kill Banquo for a while. This is arguably the first time we see a ruthless side of Macbeth. It proves to the audience that this murder is not just a spur of the moment thing. Shakespeare includes a range of techniques when Macbeth is trying to persuade the henchmen to murder Banquo. Firstly, Macbeth tries to justify the murder by using reverse psychology on the two men, â€Å"Know that it is he who held you so under fortune.† Here; Macbeth is obviously testing the murderers’ character and resolve. He needs to know how willing they are, luckily for Macbeth they are prepared to do anything in the needs of king and country, â€Å"I would set my life on any chance.† Secondly, Macbeth questions their courage, to which the murderers’ respond assertively â€Å"We are men.† One thing I cannot comprehend is why Macbeth is even bothering to persuade them. Surely Macbeth has the right to order anyone about never mind two members of the lower class society. After all he is the King. However, I think this represents a key aspect of Macbeth’s personality. I think persuading the murderers’ is his way of persuading him he is doing the right thing. By persuading them, he is at the same time convincing himself that the deed is righteous. This would suggest that Macbeth is not pure evil but instead someone who loves power and is prepared to do anything to remain powerful. Macbeth changes dramatically as a character throughout the play. Initially, Macbeth was tortured with remorse after Duncan’s murder but upon hearing of Banquo’s successful assassination he is elated. His vaulting aspiration was driving him to desperate measures and he was unable to impede it. Macbeth had already risked his life to obtain the throne so he had no choice but to employ Machiavellian customs to preserve it. Macbeth’s vision of Banquo’ ghost at a royal banquet only steers him closer to insanity. The appearance of Banquo’s ghost at the royal banquet horrifies Macbeth. Shakespeare brilliantly uses irony to make Banquo’s emergence very dramatic, ‘Sweet Remembrancer! Upon hearing the witches’ prophecies, Macbeth is unleashed down a spiral of swift deterioration that causes him to become blinded by desire. It is clear that Macbeth’s objective was driven by the prophecies made by the three witches; ‘hail to thee Thane of Cawdor that shalt be king hereafter.’ He was willing to do or pay anything to ensure that they actually occur. At first Macbeth is appalled at the witches’ proposal of killing Duncan, his King and fellow countryman, but eventually he surrenders to both Lady Macbeth and the evil forces. Lady Macbeth and the witches overwhelm his morals setting off a catalogue of events resulting in Macbeth’s downfall and second hamartia. The presence of supernatural forces in Shakespeare’s Macbeth, provides much of the plays dramatic tension and mounting suspense. Several supernatural hallucinations throughout the play profoundly affect Macbeth; culminating with the evil forces overpowering Macbeth and his morals. For example, the prophecies of the three witches and the appearance of Banquo’s ghost. These two points in the play would have been very significant for the audience at the time. Witches were associated with using uncompromising potions, flying, becoming invisible at will and using disguises for the evil spirits in control of them. In Shakespeare’s time, a large proportion of people believed in witches. Hundreds of thousands of women were accused of employing the mentioned familiars to cause misfortunes and disasters. As a result, many were either executed or tortured. Even King James I was personally frightened of witches, passing a law that condemned anyone connected with witchcraft. In hindsight, it is now clear that witches were just innocent people used as scapegoats for mistakes made by others. Macbeth is a prime example of Shakespeare’s use of the tragic pattern. The play begins with the rise and fall of a man of high estate. This is followed by a flaw in character, Duncan’s trust in Macbeth for example, ‘a gentleman on whom I built absolute trust.’ Then murder, exile and alienation of enemies and allies; King Duncan’s Murder, the Princes’ flee, murder of Banquo and dismissal of Lady Macbeth. All leading to the gradual isolation of the tragic hero, tragic recognition of the flaw by the tragic hero; ‘and now a wood comes toward Dunsinane’ and eventually the death of the tragic hero. Macbeth is slain by Macduff. Tragic patterns similar to this one are used in every one of Shakespeare’s renowned tragedies.

A Guide to Using Important Japanese Gestures Properly

A Guide to Using Important Japanese Gestures Properly While language is a major way of communicating between cultures, a lot of information is packed in-between the lines. In every culture, there are subtleties to pay attention to in order to abide by social customs and rules of politeness. Here is a breakdown on important gestures in Japanese culture, from the right way to sit on a tatami mat to how to point at yourself.   The Proper Way to Sit on Tatami The Japanese have traditionally sat on tatami (a padded straw mat) at their homes. However, many homes today are completely Western in style and dont have Japanese style rooms with tatami. Many young Japanese are no longer able to sit properly on a tatami. The proper way of sitting on tatami is called seiza. Seiza requires that one bends the knees 180 degrees, tuck your calves under your thighs and sit on your heels. This can be a difficult posture to maintain if you are not used to it. This sitting posture requires practice, preferably from an early age. It is considered polite to sit seiza-style on formal occasions. Another more relaxed way of sitting on tatami is cross-legged (agura). Starting with legs out straight and folding them in like triangles. This posture is usually for men. Women would usually go from the formal to an informal sitting posture by shifting their feet just off to the side (iyokozuwari). Though most Japanese do not concern themselves with it, it is proper to walk without stepping in the edge of the tatami. The Right Way to Beckon in Japan The Japanese beckon with a waving motion with the palm down and the hand flapping up and down at the wrist. Westerners may confuse this with a wave and not realize they are being beckoned. Although this gesture (temaneki) is used by both men and women and all age groups, it is considered rude to beckon a superior this way. Maneki-neko is a cat ornament that sits and has its front paw raised as if it is calling for someone. It is believed to bring good luck and displayed in restaurants or other business in which customer turnover is important. How to Indicate Yourself (Who, Me?) The Japanese point to their noses with a forefinger to indicate themselves. This gesture is also done when wordlessly asking, who, me? Banzai Banzai literally means ten thousand years (of life). It is shouted during happy occasions while raising both arms. People shout banzai to express their happiness, to celebrate a victory, to hope for longevity and so on. It is commonly done together with a large group of people. Some non-Japanese confuse banzai with a war cry. It is probably because the Japanese soldiers shouted Tennouheika Banzai when they were dying during World War II. In this context, they meant Long live the Emperor or Salute the Emperor.

A Dollhouse, Acts Ii Iii Essay Example

A Dollhouse, Acts Ii Iii Essay Example A Dollhouse, Acts Ii Iii Essay A Dollhouse, Acts Ii Iii Essay Story: A Dollhouse, Acts II III Author: Henrik Ibsen Topic: What is Nora most â€Å"wonderful thing of all†? In what does Nora think that she and Torvald did not have her â€Å"most wonderful thing†? There are wonderful things that we all had to face in our lives. Some were for our own good and some was not. But through it all, we have learned from it. In acts II and III of â€Å"A Dollhouse†, the author, Henrik Ibsen, shows how Nora speaks several times of her â€Å"most wonderful thing of all†. What is her â€Å"most wonderful thing† and what ways that Nora and Torvald did not have them â€Å"most wonderful thing†? In Act Two the word wonderful is again repeated three times: NORA: â€Å"A wonderful thing is about to happen. MRS. LINDE: Wonderful? NORA: Yes, a wonderful thing. But also terrible, Christine, and it just cant happen, not for all the world† (1903; II. 341-343). This means something terrible, which must not happen, not for the entire world. What does this word mean? In act II, the Christmas tree that Nora decorated now is stripped bare. The toys and presents have disappeared all the emblems of material happiness. It is also in this act that Torvald tells Nora how he has the inner strength to take on whatever Krogstad may threaten; that Rank, â€Å"reveals the depth of his love for Nora† (1899; II. 220). Krogstad and Nora, in a deep and searching intimate dialogue share their contemplation to commit suicide. Nora reveals the wonderful thing that is now about to happen. That wonderful is what she imagines will be the terrible but heroic inner drama where, to prevent Torvald from taking the blame for her crime, she will at last find the courage for suicide. What ways that Nora and Torvald did not have her â€Å"most wonderful thing†? At the climax of the play in act III, when Torvald reads the first letter Krogstad sent, his reaction to this is inappropriate. Those sweet endearing pet names Torvald calls Nora turn into the opposite †¦ â€Å"She who was my joy and pride, a hypocrite, a liar, worse, a criminal† (1913; III. 236). It is at this moment that Nora realizes that there is a problem between her and Torvald. She confesses she is not fit to bring up her children and Torvald is the last person to teach or guide her how to, for he and her father have most encouraged her to live in fantasy; an inauthentic doll existence, â€Å"bearing three children with a stranger†(1919; III. 348). The marriage could only be regained if the wonderful were to happen. This time, the idea of the wonderful means an existential transformation of the human way of living in the world. The relationship with Torvald and Nora was not a healthy relationship. Because Torvald thinks of his wife as a possession and as someone to keep up his appearance, Nora is unable to confide in him. Nora realizes this at the end of the play that Helmer does not love her as a person. I think in a way that this is a â€Å"wonderful thing of all† to Nora. This situation has open her eyes to see that she deserves better than Helmer and that she can do better by being independent. Ibsen, Henrik. â€Å"A Dollhouse, Acts II III†. Literature: An Introduction to Reading and Writing. Ed. Edgar V. Roberts and Henry E. Jacobs. 8th ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson, 2007. 1874-1891.

Importance of Scientific Knowlege for Students Essay

Importance of Scientific Knowlege for Students - Essay Example Knowledge based economies rely on skilled mathematicians and scientist. However, it is a worrying fact that America's labor force is aging fast. It has been projected that more than twenty percent of scientists and mathematicians are likely to retire by the year 2010 (Mac Iver 221). This is likely to result to a deficiency owing to the fact that fewer learners are pursuing math and science as their careers. The situation is further compounded by the fact that administrators and teachers themselves do not have adequate training, proficiency, tools and skills necessary for teaching Science and Mathematics (Janelle p. 231). In the previous decades, America has fallen behind in world rankings of nations with students earning math and science degrees and in the production of skilled workers. Consequently, United States has been forced to rely on other countries for skilled workers. For instance, doctors are recruited from regions such as Philippines, Sub-Saharan Africa and India. Moreover , emerging Asian nations like India and South Korea are winning acknowledgment in the development of software, computer, electronic display and storage technologies. On the other hand, dependence on science might make people incapable of maintaining their standards of living if they continue depending on the resources that present science offers, and substitute technologies might be insufficient or might present unbelievable hazards. Importance of Science Science and maths have an enormous influence on people's lives. They offer the foundation of much of contemporary technology techniques in materials, tools that make work and lives easier. If science and technology had by no means been invented, the world would be extremely different. Today, people can view live actions in the comfort of living rooms, communicate to friends anywhere on the globe and send emails and other types of messages within a few seconds. Almost everyday, medical professionals save lives and are capable of treating and curing once life frightening ailments with the use of sophisticated procedures, drugs and equipment. Discoveries made by scientists help to shape people's views about themselves and the universe. From the ancient Egyptian's scientific breakthroughs, to today's changing of organism's hereditary makeup, the development of scientific knowledge is an enduring phenomenon. Science Based Careers From the history of mankind, knowledge in math and science has at all times been improving and growing. A great deal of what separates the contemporary way of living from that of cave-dwelling ancestors are the innovations in science and its related field, mathematics. Every profession available these days in United States and beyond needs some mathematical and scientific knowledge. Training in humanistic studies is not nearly sufficient for any type of career. For instance, even farming has turned out to be quite complex. Outputs in agriculture have risen as scientists continually develop more efficient fertilizers and a better array of plants. With every passing day coupled with numerous discoveries in math and science, mastery of fresh developments is fundamental to students and all constituents of today's

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Proposal - Essay Example Therefore, evidence-based practice means combining clinical experience of an individual with the external clinical evidence and this will be able to produce the best evidence, one that is effective in patients care. In this case, the nursing problem uncovered is whether using IVs for procedures gives a positive patient experience compared to the numbing agent. In evidence-based practice, the use of new knowledge and being able to access that knowledge is essential (Mulhall, 1998). Despite several models being developed for the healthcare givers during practice, they still have difficulties in combining the empirical evidence with evidence based changes into practice. To solve this problem practitioners have been provided with a model that guide them through the entire process of being able to change to evidence-based practice and this begins with the assessment of the need for the change to the integration of an evidence-based protocol (Mulhall, 1998). Change plan overview According to Rosswurm and Larrabee (1999), we have six steps that are considered. The first step to be considered is assessing the need for change. Practitioners may only be interested in change if only they become aware of patients preferences, dissatisfactions, quality improvement data, their questions and the evaluation data. In this step, practitioners are required to collect internal data and then be able to compare with external data. When this data indicate a problem, then they will be forced to choose a stakeholder who will be involved in identifying clearly where the problem is. After which the practitioners will examine the internal data and use it to assess the requirement for a change in practice. If information is inadequate, it will be necessary to collect extra data so as to identify a problem (Titler., Kleiber, Stelman, Goode and Buckwalter, 1994). The second step involves linking problem with interventions and outcomes. In this step, practitioners are required to explain the problem using the language of standardized classification and then be able to link this problem with classification of interventions and outcomes. These classifications help to identify the concepts of science and knowledge that is organized. In this case, the use of Lidocaine or normal saline intradermally will be considered as an intervention and English language will be used to explain the process. According to research done by Beck et al (2011) who was comparing pain perceived during intravenous catheter insertion after injection with various local anesthetics, his major aim being to find out whether the anesthetics are effective. This study would then help the researcher to quantify data. This step also helps in facilitating communications between practitioners, and setting standards for showing the effectiveness and cost of care and being able to identify resources needed (Rosswurm and Larrabee, 1999). The third step is simply synthesizing best evidence. This step involves ref inery of selected interventions and outcomes. This is whereby the best research evidence is synthesized, and then it is combined with clinical judgment data. According to the research done, the best evidence is according to Brown (2003) who was using Lidocaine for peripheral IV insertions and the purpose of this research was to find out the patients preferenc