Critical Review of a paper by Lindsay G and Muijs D (2006) Challenging Lab Report

Critical Review of a paper by Lindsay G and Muijs D (2006) Challenging Underachievement in boys - Lab Report Example In this study, schools influenced ethos by educating teachers perceptions of underachieving groups and educating pupils views of school and learning. In other words, they looked at the leadership of the school and worked downward to the pupils to learn the culture of the school. To be effective, this involved an emphasis on the school connecting to the community and making a high level of expectations known. The school also needs to take on the culture values of the community. The school must be re-socialized to reflect community values. Parental involvement and community outreach have been found to be important to establish a pride in the school system. Part of ethos is the philosophy of the teachers toward addressing learning concerns which involves changing the curriculum and teaching techniques for different pupil groups. It also involves whether or not a vocational or basic skills orientation is chooses for pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds. It appears that the approach used in the schools in the studies leaned toward the vocational orientation. There were two general approaches used in the schools studied. The effective school mode is where the focus is optimizing achievement for all students so it is ethnicity free and gender free. Specific groups are not targeted but rather they are integrated completely within the greater student body. There is some evidence that Caribbean, Indian and Pakistani students attain more in this type of school if intermixed with mainly a white student population. The second approach does target specific sub-groups. The important issue seems to be why this targeting is used and how the target groups are chosen. It is best to use a general profile of the student rather than ethnicity as the grouping criteria, according to this study.This study provides evidence that schools can find success in underachievement in specific groups of boys. This is democratic action research and to incorporated both quantitative methods using multi-level modeling to identify schools and qualitative methods to collect opinions of those involved in the educational process. Study Methods It is important to look at how this study was done. It is democratic action research. This is a form of research that uses non researchers to conduct the study. This form of research has been criticized because these individuals do not know how to do research. This particular study used researchers to supervise the work as well as consult on the design, to maintain its integrity.The first staged of the study searched for the schools to be used in the study. They were looking for schools that showed that they were having some success in improving the achievement of the target groups of boys, black Caribbean, African and UK-born boys. Standardized test uses by the British school system were used as a measure to determine which schools showed success. The second stage was to interview head teachers and a sample of other teachers and a sample of students. The interviews were semi-structured, recorded and written up immediately following the interview. A thematic analysis was then done to identify key themes and sub-themes.Multi-level modeling

In a Dark Time by Theodore Roethke Essay Example for Free

In a Dark Time by Theodore Roethke Essay In the first stanza of the poem â€Å"In a Dark Time†, the reader gets the sense that not only is the author describing himself using â€Å"dark† visuals including â€Å"shadow† and â€Å"shade†, but that he is using natural scenery as well in order to set the audience up for the rest of the poem. The same line that contains those visuals also would seem to impart a certain time of day, dusk. This could also be thought of as a way for the reader to get a sense of where the author is at, reflecting on his own mind. This idea is furthered by the statements of â€Å"meeting his (own) shadow†, and when he hears his own shadow. The second stanza really goes into a faster pace, as the author begins to describe to the reader his inner feelings. By questioning his own definition of madness, and going into despair, he shows the reader that part of his mind is very confused, yet he knows that he is in the middle of whatever is going on. Again he questions, is his place in the â€Å"rocks† a cave or path, and he states that â€Å"The edge is what I have. † which seems like a way for him to again be in the middle of his situation. The third stanza continues with the natural descriptions of being outside in a natural setting during the night, or perhaps during an eclipse. Again, this could be just another way for the author to let his audience know what frame of mind his is in. Referring to the title of the poem, â€Å"In a Dark Time†, it would make sense that this writing is coming from the author during a time in his life in which he was questioning himself. This line of thinking continues to be the main point as he goes on to say, â€Å"A man goes far to find out what he is -, Death of the self in a long, tearless night,†. Whatever has happened to the author, he is unsure of himself and the changes that are occurring in his life at that moment. In the fourth stanza, he still proclaims how confused he his with himself, by the statement â€Å"Which I is I? † The reader is left to contemplate where the authors sense of self lies. The last three lines seem to show that the author has decided to have his mind come together and be one with itself, which leaves the author to be â€Å"free in the tearing wind. †

Challenging The Validity Of Fingerprint Evidence

Challenging The Validity Of Fingerprint Evidence The reliability of fingerprint evidence as a means of identification for purpose of court continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. However, despite a long tradition of forensic identification to individualize prints there have been some recent challenges as to the scientific basis for fingerprint evidence. These challenges stem from valid concerns about the potential for human errors in fingerprint matching. A major factor in trying to establish the validity of fingerprint evidence is the theoretical framework as to the physical aspects of forensic science. The psychological aspect of forensic science (the preparation of physical evidence for purpose of court) is also a potential Achilles heel as to the validity of fingerprint evidence in particular in countries with an adversarial legal system where the function of counsel is largely to undermine the credibility of the evidence presented. Key words: prints, marks, reliability, validity, probability, error, bias Introduction A [finger]print is a record taken by police of a (usually) known individual under controlled conditions. A mark is an impression found at a crime scene. The role of fingerprint examiners (dactyloscopists) is to analyse marks (individualize marks) to determine whether it/they match the print/s of a known individual. Fingerprints are routinely used by police in order to identify suspects and victims of crime (e.g. homicide) and fingerprint evidence remain one of the most trusted forms of forensic evidence used in a court of law. Despite this, the various techniques used by fingerprint examiners have neither been scientifically tested nor published in scientific peer reviewed journals. The reliability of dactyloscopy techniques as a means of identification (individualization) is based on a theoretical framework as to the physical aspects of forensic science, including: persistence, uniqueness and transferability of prints and marks for purpose of identification. Until recently there had been no scientific studies conducted to validate fingerprints as physical evidence of identification. Despite this significant gap in the science of fingerprint evidence, the evidential value of fingerprint identification remains unquestioned. The reliability of dactyloscopy techniques as a means of identification continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. However, the use of fingerprint identification as evidence at court inevitably leads to interactions between science and the law where basic assumptions are frequently challenged. There are two different kinds of issues which may arise when presenting fingerprints as evidence at court: (i) the lack of scientific rigour in the techniques used, and; (ii) the influence of cognitive biases on expert evidence. The evidential value of fingerprint identification Fingerprint identification as its used in the criminal justice system is typically done by comparing and attempting to match a mark (latent fingerprint) found at a crime scene with a print taken from a known suspect. The various techniques used by fingerprint examiners in matching two prints are different from e.g. biometric fingerprint checks introduced by the UK Border Agency (UKBA) in 2009 as a means of identification to improve on airport security. The lack of scientific rigour in the techniques used Whilst the evidential value of fingerprint identification remains unquestioned, even by its critics, it is often assumed that its the theoretical framework as to the physical aspects of fingerprint evidence, such as the uniqueness and transferability of fingerprints, which make fingerprint identification well suited as forensic evidence for purpose of court. However, these theoretical underpinnings are often not backed up by scientific evidence and the validity of the theoretical framework of forensic science is therefore a potential Achilles heel in fingerprint evidence. The influence of cognitive biases on expert evidence Whilst the different techniques and methods used by fingerprint examiners vary from those used in automated biometric fingerprint checks, the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprint identification are the same as for biometric fingerprint checks (such as uniqueness and transferability). The results from automated biometric fingerprint checks would not however be suitable as forensic evidence at court. The main reason is that apart from the physical aspects of fingerprints, the evidential value of fingerprints is primarily based upon the expert opinions of fingerprint examiners and governed by the rules on circumstantial evidence. Highlighting the lack of objectivity in the analysis and matching of fingerprints, Stoney (1991:198) notes: In fingerprint work we become subjectively convinced of identity; we do not prove it. And this works just fine. For fingerprints. The evidential value and admissibility of fingerprint expert evidence The Law Commissions report on admissibility of evidence 2008 and 2011: The opinion evidence of an expert witness is admissible only if the court is satisfied that it is sufficiently reliable to be admitted. The opinion evidence of an expert witness is sufficiently reliable to be admitted if: the evidence is predicated on sound principles, techniques and assumptions; those principles, techniques and assumptions have been properly applied to the facts of the case; and the evidence is supported by those principles, techniques and assumptions as applied to the facts of the case. It is for the party wishing to rely on the opinion evidence of an expert witness to show that it is sufficiently reliable to be admitted. This means that guilt cannot be determined by expert evidence alone and that trust in the validity of fingerprint evidence requires a leap of faith. (Broeder, 2006, p. 154) Challenging the Validity of Fingerprint Evidence The validity of fingerprint evidence is dependent upon: the credibility of expert witnesses; validity of the theoretical framework of forensic science, and; the accuracy of procedures and techniques used. Despite its lack of scientific evidence, the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprints and reliability of methods used are rarely challenged at court. When the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprints are challenged at court, it also tends to undermine the reliability of methods used in a range of forensic evidence. In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the US Supreme Court ruled that forensic evidence has to be both relevant and reliable in order to be valid. However, there are no reliability studies for fingerprint evidence and fingerprint evidence should therefore be ruled inadmissible in a US court of law. Pierce (2011) notes that the core issue in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was the validity of deductive reasoning to reach a conclusion. (Pierce, 2011) The validity of fingerprint evidence in effect comes down to an issue of trust and credibility both of which can be undermined. The Daubert case raised the need for a model by which statistically quantifiable measures can be generated to objectively assess the reliability of fingerprint evidence. One method considered reliable by US courts is the ACE-V (analysis-comparison-evaluation-verification) method. (Haber Haber, 2008) Despite the promise of such models, Broeder (2007) argues that: No expert or expert system can provide incontrovertible categorical evidence i.e. absolute proof that a certain trace originates from a particular source. There is no objective or subjective, scientific or alternative method that will enable us to do this. Stoney (1991:198) argues that trying to prove uniqueness by use of statistical models is a ridiculous notion. (Stoney, 1991) Basis for Challenging Fingerprint Evidence Despite significant issues in terms of the validity of both theoretical underpinnings of forensic science and various techniques used, the main reason why fingerprint evidence will continue to be challenged as valid forensic science evidence is that fingerprint matching (recognition, analysis, comparison, and interpretation / evaluation) is ultimately a subjective decision-making process where results and expert evidence can be influenced by contextual and confirmation biases (human error) resulting in false identification. Whilst Stoney (1991) appears to argue that its the subjective nature of fingerprint evidence which give the individualization process credibility, Dror et. al. (2005:800) also note that fingerprint identification involves a decision making process (Dror, et al., 2005) which may ultimately result in human error and in false identification. It is therefore unfortunate that much of the debate is currently focused on attempts to improve on the reliability of fingerprint evidence through advancements in technological innovation. Attempts at improving the physical aspects of scientific evidence indicate that some problems with forensic evidence might one day be overcome by future advances in technological innovation. Whilst technical and scientific evidence are becoming increasingly important for the criminal justice system, Broeder (2006:148) suggests that its difficult for judges and juries to assess the validity of expert forensic evidence. (Broeder, 2006, p. 148) Mnookin (2008:343) argues that the courts have been seduced by superficial arguments as to the reliability of scientific methods. (Mnookin, 2008, p. 343) Considering that fingerprint evidence is ultimately a decision-making process its difficult to see how fingerprint matching could be replaced by advances in technology such as future generations of automatic fingerprint recognition systems (e.g. the ACE-V process/methodology). More effort should perhaps be focused on the social science aspect of expert forensic evidence (in particular psychology) to reduce potential cognitive biases and human error in fingerprint evidence the main basis for challenging fingerprint evidence. Cognitive Biases in Fingerprint Evidence Fingerprint evidence is supported by a general theoretical framework as to the physical principles of forensic evidence. However, fingerprint evidence is ultimately based on a series of decisions formulated by fingerprint examiners through cognitive processes. Whilst Stoney (1991) might argue that becoming subjectively convinced of identity works just fine for purpose of fingerprint matching, as it turns out, fingerprint examiners are highly susceptible to various forms of cognitive biases. Giannelli (2010) describes four different kinds of cognitive biases which may influence decision-making in forensic examination of evidence. Giannelli describes contextual bias as occurring when extraneous information influences a decision, typically in cases of ambiguity. Techniques used to avoid the influence of contextual bias when testing a new drug, include randomized (double blind) clinical trials. A similar process as part of the fingerprint verification process has been proposed by Haber and Haber (2003). (Haber Haber, 2003) Giannelli describes confirmation bias in terms of the tendency to test a hypothesis by looking for instances that confirm it rather than by searching for potentially falsifying instances. Kassin, Dror Kukucka (2013) describe the various contextual influences which may generate bias in forensic evidence, in terms of: Knowing the nature and details of the crime, being pressured by detectives; working within and as part of the police; the use of computer-generated lists that feature some suspects ahead of others; appearing in court within an adversarial criminal justice system. Experiments in cognitive biases The importance of cognitive psychology of expert evidence has been highlighted in a series of experiments conducted by Dr. Itiel Dror (2005) in which he had took the fingerprints from real criminal cases and presented them to the same fingerprint examiners who had previously given evidence at court. By changing the context for the analysis, such as strongly suggesting that a mark had previously been incorrectly matched to a print (or that a mark belonged to a particular suspect when in fact it did not), the examiners came to different conclusions, contradicting their own evidence given at court. Dr. Drors experiments showed the influence that contextual and confirmation biases can have on the outcome of fingerprint analysis. The research found that fingerprint examiners were more likely to make a match judgment on ambiguous fingerprints when exposed to emotional background stories of crimes and explicitly disturbing photographs from crime scenes, as well as subliminal messages. The researchers concluded that examiners were more likely to confirm a match in ambiguous fingerprints when exposed to contextual biases highlighting the importance of cognitive psychology in fingerprint evidence. To further highlight the importance of cognitive psychology in fingerprint evidence, an international panel of fingerprint experts convened to examine errors committed by the FBI which led to the identification of Brandon Mayfield note that the pressure of working on a high-profile terrorism case created an atmosphere which contributed to the misidentification. (US Department of Justice, 2006, p. 177) Error Rates and Probability Error Rates Experiments similar to those conducted by Dr. Dror (2005) have also been conducted by e.g. Ulery et. al. (2012) and Evett and Williams (1995). (Evett Williams, 1995) All such studies find varying degrees of inconsistency. Ulery et. al. found that when the same fingerprint evidence is given to the same examiners, they reach different conclusions approximately 10% of the time. (Kassin, et al., 2013) Ulery et. al. (2012:9) attributed such errors to a lack of quantitative criteria and limited qualitative criteria for decision. (Ulery, et al., 2012, p. 9) Such error rates are only known as a result of research conducted where examiners were themselves the subject of research experiments. Mnookin (2008b) (Mnookin, 2008) as well as (Haber Haber, 2003) and other researchers point to the lack of transparency of crime laboratories in disclosing the results double-blind tests where e.g. one examiner discover an error made by another examiner and that no data exist on the error rate correction resulting from the verification process. Jasanoff (2006) notes the right of US citizens to receive information, including scientific and technical information, in order to effectuate the goal of informed participation. (Jasanoff, 2006) However, considering the increasingly commercial nature of forensic laboratories, such error rate data is unlikely to be volunteered any time soon. Probability Aitken Taroni (2004:126) note that evaluation of fingerprint evidence is based on a statistical model of probabilistic inference. (Aitken Taroni, 2004) Probability may be defined as [a] statistical means of describing uncertainty. (Brenner, 1997, p. 126) Galton (1892:100) raised the problem of estimating the probability of two prints (alike in their minutiae) as having been made by two different persons and attempted to give an approximate numerical idea of the value of finger prints as a means of Personal Identification. Galton (1892:110) calculated the probability of two different individuals having the same fingerprints (Type I error) to be less than 1 to 224 x 24 x 28 or about 1 in 64 billion. Neumann (2012:21) explains the difficulty of probability as faced by fingerprint examiners giving evidence at court: If it is his belief that the mark probably does or almost certainly does or is rather unlikely to match, he is forbidden to say so in court; in those cases, fingerprint evidence, for or against the accused, simply does not appear in the case. (Neumann, 2012) So, how common is it that examiners giving evidence at court arent necessarily 100% certain of the evidence they give at court? According to research by Neuman et.al. it happens in 30% of the all comparisons performed. (Neumann, et al., 2011) Galton notes the effect on probability when matching two or more marks to the prints of a known individual: When two fingers of each of the two persons are compared, and found to have the same minutiae, the improbability of 1 to 236 becomes squared, and reaches a figure altogether beyond the range of the imagination; when three fingers, it is cubed, and so on. [W]hen two, three, or more fingers in the two persons agree to that extent, the strength of the evidence rises by squares, cubes, etc., far above the level of that amount of probability which begins to rank as certainty. Galton (1892:111-112) Case Studies Broeder (2006) notes that there have recently been several highly publicised appeals against criminal convictions around the world where forensic evidence has played a significant role in the identification of suspects. Broeder further notes that these have at least partly been associated with inadequate standards of forensic expertise. The following case studies involve examples of Type I errors (false positives in fingerprint matching) made by examiners. Case Study 1: Shirley McKie In January 1997, DC Shirley McKie attended a crime scene in Kilmarnock, Scotland as part of an investigation into the murder of Marion Ross. A single mark found at the scene was attributed to DC McKie who denied under oath that it could be hers. DC McKie was subsequently charged with perjury. At her trial, two fingerprint experts disputed the mark belonged to DC McKie. A jury later found DC McKie not guilty of perjury. In 2008, the Scottish Government appointed Sir Anthony Campbell to hold a public inquiry into the identification and verification of fingerprints associated with the case of HM Advocate v McKie in 1999. Sir Campbell noted that [t]he community of fingerprint experts is deeply divided over the case of Shirley McKie and that some experts are perceived by others to be so closely associated with colleagues or organisations that have expressed an opinion that they are not universally regarded as being independent. (The Fingerprint Inquiry, 2011) Case Study 2: Brandon Mayfield In 2004, the Federal Bureau of Investigation identified Brandon Mayfields fingerprints as a match to a single mark found on a bag containing explosives used in the Madrid train bombings on 11 March 2004. Mayfields fingerprints had been initially retrieved as a potential match using the FBIs Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS). Upon closer examination, three fingerprint experts reviewing the initial result each confirmed that the mark belonged to Mayfield. (Stacey, 2004) The FBI launched a covert operation and Mayfield was subsequently arrested on 6 May 2004. An independent fingerprint expert appointed by the court to review the evidence (who also knew that a positive match had already been made) also concluded that the mark found did belong to Mayfield. Spanish Police informed the FBI that they had identified the mark as belonging to an Algerian national. After examining the prints of the Algerian national, the FBI released Mayfield from custody. The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) concluded that the reason for the misidentification was due to the unusual similarity between the [latent print] and Mayfields known fingerprint which had confused three experienced FBI examiners and a court-appointed expert. (US Department of Justice, 2006) Discussion Fingerprint evidence was first used in the UK in 1858 and is the most common form of forensic evidence used at court today. Fingerprint evidence has also been raised as one of the most important categories of forensic evidence admitted at court. However, a study conducted by Baldwin and McConville (1980) found that forensic evidence played a significant role in only five per cent of cases presented at court. Inman and Rudin (2002:1) describe forensic science as an applied science based on the laws of physics and chemistry. (Inman Rudin, 2002) Whilst this might provide an appropriate definition of forensic science, it ignores the importance of psychology in forensic evidence. The reliability of fingerprints as a means of identification (individualization) for purpose of evidence at court continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. Mnookin (2001:16) argues that scrutiny of expert evidence does not take place in a cultural vacuum and infers that fingerprint evidence was accepted too quickly in US courts. In 2013, a US District Court Judge ruled that the process fingerprint identification failed to meet three of the four criteria set for scientific evidence. The technique hadnt been scientifically tested Wasnt subject to scientific peer review Didnt possess a known rate of error The ruling means that whilst the court accepts that the process of fingerprint analysis does not meet the standards set for scientific evidence, the testimony of expert fingerprint analysts may still be admissible as evidence at court. Because the validity of fingerprint evidence is primarily based upon the credibility expert witnesses, challenges as to the validity of fingerprint evidence need to address the psychological aspects of forensic science, in other words the potential cognitive (contextual and confirmation) biases of forensic experts resulting in false identification. Part of this effort might involve simple solutions such as shielding fingerprint examiners from the details of crimes being investigated or having all fingerprint experts directly appointed by the courts. Other requirements might involve a minimum of two marks or more having to match the prints of a suspect before it can be used as evidence at court.

Hedda Gabler Essay -- essays research papers

Hedda from the play, â€Å"Hedda Gabler† by Ibsen is greatly affected due to her background. Hedda’s father being a general led her to control issues later on in life. She felt weak and needed control over the people in her life. Hedda was born to a great, wonderful, highly regarded and respected general, General Gabler. Because she was his daughter people would show great respect and loyalty towards her. She was used to people listening and obeying her; she just loved having power over others. When Hedda and her husband, George Tesman got back from their honeymoon George’s aunt, MissTesman was telling the maid how particular Hedda is after growing up as General Gablers Daughter, â€Å"Well of course. General Gabler’s daughter. What a life she had in the General’s day! Remember seeing her out with her father-how she’d go galloping past in that long black riding outfit, with a feather in her hat." Now that her father is gone she has seemed to lost the power she once had. The only thing she has left is a large portrait of him that hangs over the coach in the inner room and a set of pistols her father left her. Hedda tries time after time to gain the attention and control she on ce had until she shot herself under the stress of this unbeatable battle. At the age of twenty nine Hedda married George Tesman, a scholar with a doctor’s degree and a good friend. She married him because she really had no other one to turn to and she was getting old. She said, â€Å"I had really danced myself ou...

Structures of Racial and Gender Inequality

Mar's theories had mostly to do with capitalism. The dominated because they used their power to exploit workers and so on. Exploitation is the difference between what Is produced and what Is paid for. Exploitation Is limitless. Race was exploited for a profit. Wilson thought that Mar's theory explained the racial-caste system. Production, aristocracy dominated both economic and political Life_ Capitalist class benefit more. In the sass's there was a shift from paternal racial-caste system to a more class- based labor market. Jim Crow law helped keep blacks out of the privileged few.In the North they had a bunch of race riots. Race relations are mainly about split labor market theory. This theory talks about how everyone needs to compete against one another regardless of race. Exploitation was high because of putting blacks against whites. Split labor theory has three classes: capital business class, high-paid labor, and cheaper labor. Split market happens when different groups are pa id differently. Structural arrangements determine social relations. The economy Isn't the only thing that structures social relationships. Wilson states that state is always changing. World War II had a ban on discrimination.No matter why changes happened, the Tate took successive steps to address black inequality. Wilson shows two things after World War II, push-pull forces; one Is more political and economic opportunities for blacks. The other one is, sass's on, the decreases in manufacturing and Increases In government and corporate Jobs. Plus the push from urban to suburban settings. This created different opportunities for different groups of blacks, Race is a factor but class is a distinctions. Before the Civil war racial tensions revolved around economy. Wilson thought things should move from race to more about class.Chaffed was more concerned with gender inequality. She thought about things in four different levels: macro, mess, micro, and individual. Macro is for analysis o f Institutions and structures. The mess level Is for organization. The Micro part Is about face to face interactions. Lastly, the individual level about the individual concept. Chaffed looks at Mar's theory of feminist. Patriarchy and capitalism help the oppression of women. Mar's emphasis the economy as the most important site for social stability and change that Chaffed uses. Patriarchy provides men with control of production and the profit while women who are cheap to fear labor.Women do not et paid for their tasks In society as much. Man's ability to fully work Is dependent 1 OFF upon ten women's explanation. C TX tanks Tanat gender Unequally structural need of capitalism. Men use their power to keep women down they use their structural power. Workforce, macro, plays a huge part in mess and micro areas. The mess-level of gender. Canter has three factors that influence work and gender; possibility of advancement, power to achieve goals, and relative number of a specific type of p erson within the position. Canter thinks women have different career paths and most don't lead as high.Women's path constrict two ways: minimized occupations are limited and women on professional career paths high glass ceilings. Canter states that social contexts influence individuals and their attitudes and behaviors. Our social environment influences who we are and how we act. Staying and feeling powerless and limited creates negative stereotypes of gender and work, these enforce gender inequalities. When exploitation goes up, women's presence in the Job market goes down. Micro is the personal levels of coercive structures are next. Chaffed uses exchange theory to explain micro level.Exchange theory makes lines between economic and social exchange. Economics are governed by explicit agreements. Economic exchange is always known when and how something is done or will be done. Social exchange is implicit and not explicit. Gender inequalities are latent, they are hidden. People want to keep the same actions to keep society going, even if there are inequalities. Voluntarism keeps gender inequality going. There are three types of gender definitions; gender ideology, norms, and stereotypes. Intrinsically structures are parts of the inner person that are fixed and divided off from one another.Boys and girls are socialized differently. Everything is voluntary. Social learning theory is about modeling. It has four stages: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and motivation. Things are more about structural then cultural changes, if gender inequality is to happen. Chaffed divides her theory into unintentional and intentional processes. Four different ways of unintentional changes: population growth or decline, changes in sex ratio, and technological innovations and changes in the economic structure. For intentional change if focused on macro-structural, industrialization, arbitration, and the size of the middle class.

Indirect Questions in English for ESL Learners

Indirect Questions in English for ESL Learners Indirect questions are a form used to be more polite in English. Consider the following situation: You are talking to a man at a meeting that you have never met. However, you know his name and also that this man knows a colleague named Jack. You turn to him and ask, Where is Jack? You might find that the man seems a little bothered and says he doesnt know. He isnt very friendly. You wonder why he seems bothered. Its probably because you didnt introduce yourself, didnt say excuse me, and- most importantly- you asked a direct question. Direct questions might be  considered rude when speaking to strangers. To be more polite we often use indirect question forms. Indirect questions serve the same purpose as direct questions but are considered more formal. One of the main reasons for this is that English does not have a formal you form. In other languages, its possible to use the formal you in order to make sure you are polite. In English, we turn to indirect questions. Forming Indirect Questions Information questions are posed using the question words where, what, when, how, why, and which. In order to form an indirect question,  use an introductory phrase followed by the question itself in positive sentence structure: Introductory phrase question word   positive sentence Connect the two phrases with the question word or ‘if’ in the case the question is a yes/no question. that begins without a question word. Examples Where is Jack? I was wondering if you know where Jack is.When does Alice usually arrive? Do you know when Alice usually arrives?What have you done this week? Can you tell me what youve done this week?How much does it cost? Id like to know how much it costs.Which color suits me? Im not sure which color suits me.  Why did he leave his job? I wonder why he left his job. Common Phrases Here are some of the most common phrases used for asking indirect questions. Many of these phrases are questions (i.e., Do you know when the next train leaves?), while others are statements made to indicate a question (i.e., I wonder if he will be on time.). Do you know †¦ ?I wonder / was wondering †¦.Can you tell me †¦ ?Do you happen to know ...?I have no idea ...Im not sure ...Id like to know ... Sometimes we also use these phrases to indicate that wed like some more information: Do you know when the concert begins?I wonder when he will arrive.Can you tell me how to check out a book.I’m not sure what he considers appropriate.I don’t know if he is coming to the party this evening. Quiz Now that you have a good understanding of indirect questions. Heres a short quiz to test your understanding. Take each direct question and create an indirect question with an introductory phrase. What time does the train leave?How long will the meeting last?When does he get off work?Why have they waited so long to react?Are you coming to the party tomorrow?Which car should I choose?Where are the books for the class?Does he enjoy hiking?How much does the computer cost?Will they attend the conference next month? Answers The answers use a variety of introductory phrases. There are many introductory phrases that are correct, only one is shown. Make sure to check the word order of the second half of your answer. Can you tell me what time the train leaves?I have no idea how long the meeting will last.Im not sure when he gets off work.  Do you know why they have waited so long to react?I wonder if you are coming to the party tomorrow.Im not sure which care I should choose.Can you tell me where the books for the class are?I dont know if he enjoys hiking.Do you happen to know how much the computer costs?Im not sure if they will attend the conference next month.

Citing a Chapter from an Edited Book in Oxford Referencing

Citing a Chapter from an Edited Book in Oxford Referencing Citing a Chapter from an Edited Book in Oxford Referencing When academics contribute a single chapter to a larger volume, you may find yourself needing to cite just part of a book. And while this is like citing a full book, it does differ in a few ways. Let’s look, then, at how to cite a chapter from an edited book with Oxford referencing. In-Text Citations for a Chapter from an Edited Book All versions of Oxford referencing use a footnote and bibliography system. As such, we indicate citations with superscript numbers in the main text: Citations usually appear after final punctuation in a sentence.1 In the accompanying footnote, you then need to give the following information for the chapter of the book you are citing: n. Chapter Author’s Initial(s) and Surname, â€Å"Chapter Title,† in Editor’s Initial(s) and Surname (ed.), Book Title, place of publication, publisher, year, page number(s). In practice, then, a footnote citation for a chapter from an edited book would look something like this: 1. M. L. Rosenzweig, â€Å"Do Animals Choose Habitats?,† in M. Berkoff and D. Jamieson (eds.), Readings in Animal Cognition, Cambridge, Bradford Books, 1999, p. 189. The page numbers here should indicate the specific section you’re citing. You will then give the complete page range for the chapter in your bibliography. For repeat references to a single chapter from a book, meanwhile, you can use a shorter citation format. This usually involves either: Giving just the author’s surname and a new page number. Using the Latin abbreviations â€Å"ibid.,† â€Å"op. cit.,† and â€Å"loc. cit.† Check your style guide for more information on which approach to use. Chapters from Edited Books in an Oxford Bibliography In your bibliography, you should list all cited sources alphabetically by author surname with full publication information. For a chapter from an edited book, this includes: Author Surname, Initial(s)., â€Å"Chapter Title,† in Editor’s Initial(s) and Surname (ed.), Book Title, place of publication, publisher, year, complete page range. As you can see, this is similar to the first footnote citation format. The key differences in the bibliography are that you give: The author’s surname first, followed by initials The page range for the entire chapter, not a pinpoint citation In practice, then, we would list the chapter cited above as follows: Rosenzweig, M. L., â€Å"Do Animals Choose Habitats?,† in M. Berkoff and D. Jamieson (eds.), Readings in Animal Cognition, Cambridge, Bradford Books, 1999, pp. 185–199. A Note on Oxford Referencing This guide sets out the basics of how to cite a chapter from an edited book using Oxford referencing. However, this system can differ between institutions. As such, you should always check your style guide for advice on how to present references in written work for your course. If you don’t have a style guide available or it doesn’t cover a certain issue, just aim for clarity and consistency. And if you need anyone to check the referencing in a document, we’re happy to help.

Multiculturalism, Individualis essays

Multiculturalism, Individualis essays Mauritius and Modes of Inter-ethnic Compromise Mauritius is one of the polyethnic countries that has the most peaceful and stable democratic.Basically the concept of the multicultural country is based on the balance between the difference and the equality and, most importantly, something that every citizens shares(compromises) together, in this sense, 'Inter-ethnic Compromise'. I now would like to explain this kind of function in Mauritius, which I believe it is one of the most efficient. An important element in the Mauritian political system is the so-called arrangement, which guarantees the presentation of all ethnic groups through alloting a limited number of parliamentary seats to runner-up at general Election. The best loser are selected so as to ensure the representation of all ethnic groups in the Legislative Assembly. In this way, I think the right to be different is more emphasized than the right to be equal, since as a democratic country, every ethnic needs to have voice in the parliament. Other elements are religions, schooling system and official languages.I would like to empasize on the schooling system, which here the right to be oqual prevails over the right to different.Thus core circula are uniform island-wide, as are exams.However, classes in 'ancestral languages' are offered as optional subjects.It could be said ,therefore, that Mautiriusn scholing system stresses on equal opportunity yet allows for the expression of symbolic diffences. By this way We can see that,as I mentioned at the outset, the concept of 'Inter-ethnic compromise' or the balance between equal right and the right to be different depends upon the need of the society. However,there are still many paradoxes in the island,which I think they are somewhat inevitable for the multicultural society. This will haveto do as a general introduction to public policies relating to ethnic differences and national cohesion in Mauritius.First of all,...

Denial and deception Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Denial and deception - Essay Example The particulars of D&D thus deserve closer academic scrutiny. According to Shulsky (2000, p. 17), â€Å"‘Denial’ refers to the attempt to block all information channels by which an adversary could learn some truth (e.g., about a military development program, a policy, a course of action, etc.), thus preventing him from reacting in a timely manner.† Thus, â€Å"denial† includes all methods that may be employed in order to safeguard information that may be â€Å"classified†, such as security programs. Shulsky also wrote: â€Å"’Deception’ by contrast refers to the effort to cause an adversary to believe something that is not true, to believe a ‘cover story’ rather than the truth, with the goal of leading him to react in a way that serves one’s own interests, rather than his.† â€Å"Deception† therefore involves creating an â€Å"alternative reality† which the target is induced to believe. While denial and deception are two different concepts, they are so intertwined in practice as to make one a necessary adjunct to the other. After all, deceiving one into believing a story other than what is reality is denying him the reality. According to (Caddell, 2004), deception is traditionally accepted as an integral component of political and military conflict. It is even a popularly accepted truth that a certain level of deception regularly occurs in all levels and types of human interaction and even in nature. Disinformation/deception, however, should not be confused with unintentional misinformation. Deception has two elements: intention to disinform, and intention to gain an advantage from the disinformation. In nature, deception exists in some forms of natural defense among flora and fauna. For instance, protective coloration or â€Å"camouflage† is common, in order to visually conceal the plant or animal in its natural habitat. Some animals are

Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 15

Germany - Essay Example These men, despite their desire for positive reform, were met with much opposition throughout their causes and careers. Frederick the Great ruled Prussia from 1740 to 1786. He has been remembered for many things, but some of those that stand out include his contributions as a brilliant tactician and military organizer, controlled grain prices so that the government stores good provide for poor families whose crops were unsuccessful, and beginning the first official school of veterinary medicine in Austria or Germany. He was, also, an accomplished linguist, speaking several languages, and talented musician. Most importantly, he is remembered for changing Prussia from an often forgotten European â€Å"backwater† location and into a thriving, economically strong and reformed region. However, again, much of the changes he attempted to implement were met with opposition; Enlightened Absolutism was not a favored position of all of the peoples of Europe at the time. (Wikipedia) Joseph the II of Austria ruled from 1765-1790. He had a very famous family member that should not be left unmentioned; he was brother to France’s Marie Antoinette. He was a well liked and influential leader, however he, like Frederick the Great, faced a great deal of opposition due to his attempt to reform Austria with the philosophy of Enlightened Absolutism. Some of the very important acts he is known for include, making public education more available for boys and girls, inspiring legal reforms throughout Austria, and attempted to reform the Catholic Church to make it more tolerant, more akin to his enlightened perspectives. He, like others who shared his political and social views, had a great deal of respect and support for the arts. In fact, such a well loved patron of the arts that, his funeral cantata was composed by Beethoven himself. (Wikipedia) Both men strived to make changes to their lands under the ideologies of

Information Goods and Information Markets Essay

Information Goods and Information Markets - Essay Example According to him, one has to experience at least some amount of an information good before deciding to buy it, because only through experience one can come to know to what extent the commodity is worth buying. According to Coiera (2000), other goods like oranges or batteries do not require these pre-use since people know that they would meet their expectations. Another major characteristic of information goods is that initial production cost of such goods is higher whereas the marginal cost of reproduction is very low. In addition, regardless of the high cost, most of the information products like music, books, sound track, web pages are highly vulnerable to re-production or copying. Another finding of the author regarding information goods is that unlike other goods or services, information is never consumed. For instance, digital information can be copied exactly whereas normal goods cannot be copied this way. Hence, the laws of supply and demand ‘do not easily apply to many information goods’. Finally, unlike other normal goods, information can be easily transmitted across communication networks in bulk at lower costs or for absolutely free of cost. Since information goods are prone to copying, producers must create some form of monopoly in order to ensure profit from producing and selling information goods. ... 117) comments, information goods will be sold for no cost if marginal cost is zero. The market involves numerous other issues as well despite the current copyright laws. Pirates have easy access to various information products illegally as there is no unanimous international regulation in this regard. As Coiera (2000) finds, if free access to information is the goal of a producer, the current feasibility is an advantage whereas if the producer intends to raise revenue from information provided, the advantage turns to be a challenge. Hence, in order for making profits from information goods, one has to create monopoly by acquiring a patent or copyright, although property theft is still likely. The tactic is termed as ‘avoidance’ which mainly involves avoiding the production of ‘information goods that must be traded in such openly competitive environments’. Coiera believes that the avoidance tactic would make considerable amount of delay for the product to rea ch pirates by when the creator would gain revenue. Another tactic which information sellers normally apply is attaching the brand identity to their products or websites so as to help customers to differentiate the original products from the pirated ones. Yet another recent trend in the market is the pay-per-view model. This tactic allows the producer to charge the customer only for particular visit or for getting access to specific information. Selling the particular product bundled with other several products is another technique used by information sellers. The logic is that only a potential buyer would be willing to buy the whole package even at higher costs. Creative pricing and marketing is another useful tactic information producers can try to enhance their revenue. To

International trade- tariffs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International trade- tariffs - Research Paper Example Such tariffs levied on the import of good are called the import tariff. Another kind of tariff which is not very common is called the export tariff. It is levied on exported products. Ghana imposed a tax on the export of cocoa. The OPEC (Organization of the Oil Producing Countries) once imposed export tax on oil to generate revenue and also artificially create a scarcity of oil in the international markets to increase the price of the product. A more important purpose of tariffs is to produce revenue for the government. A revenue tariff may be on export or import, depending on the trade policy of the government. But in modern times when international trade has a huge impact on the economy of a country, the most important role of tariffs is for protection purpose. Different Types of Tariffs Tariffs can be classified into three categories – the specific tariff, the ad valorem tariff and the compound tariff. Each kind of tariff has their own pros and cons we shall discuss them br iefly. Specific tariff is fixed amount of money taxed on each unit of the imported goods. The advantage of this kind of tariff is that it can be very easily calculated on the standard goods that are regularly imported. However the degree of protection that this kind of tariff offers varies inversely with the price of the good in the international market. ... In such cases the domestic industry has to supply the domestic market with less expensive good to win back the consumers. But in times of depression the prices of goods in the world market falls. In such a situation the domestic markets are better protected by the specific tariff. Specific tariffs help the domestic industries against the foreign producers who reduce their prices as the extra price the domestic consumer has to pay for foreign good. Ad valorem tariff is a tax levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the imported good. Ad valorem tariff is more proportionate and progressive than specific tariff. For a slight improvement in the product which is reflected in its price a higher price needs to be paid. For example if Ad valorem tariff rate for a country is 10% then tariff for $200 iPod will be $20. For a slightly higher version of an iPod worth $220 the tariff will proportionately higher at $22. Furthermore, ad valorem rate of tariff ensures that there is a constant pro tection for the domestic industries through periods of fluctuating price. However ad valorem tariffs generate revenue for the government that is proportional to the value of imports. Therefore the government revenue may also fluctuate with price fluctuation. Another difficulty of imposing ad valorem tariff is the problem of evaluation. The evaluation of the value of the good poses a difficulty for the customs appraisers. The difficulty increases due to constant fluctuation of prices of goods in the world market. (Helpman and Krugman). Sometimes compound tariff rates are also preferred by the countries. This kind of tariff consists of a specific component and an ad valorem component. The specific tariff is used to negate the disadvantage of cost faced by the domestic producers of finished

One Hundred Years of Solitude Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

One Hundred Years of Solitude - Essay Example Ideally, Marquez was brought up by her paternal grandparents in Aracataca, Colombia. His childhood tales talks about a big home that are filled with ghouls, discussions in secret code, and relatives who could prophesy their own deaths (Villad 40-50). Through reading this book One Hundred Years of Solitude, one observes many elements of Marquez’s childhood. Conversely, the perspective for the book is Marquez’s own personal reminiscence for childhood, for his grandparents, for a big house overflowing with ghouls and endless laughter. Also, the context of the book is Marquez’s political viewpoint and the brutal realism of growing up in a predominantly turbulent developing country. Colombia has a long and tragic socioeconomic history, in which Marquez acquired knowledge about politics and economics. Intermittent absentmindedness, particularly of the critical happenings that shape Macondo town remains a structural persistent right through the novel, apparent in recurr ence and circularity. This repetitive behavior traits and names of the Buendia offspring; the outwardly endless civil wars; the succeeding refuge of annihilated Aureliano in the bare practice of making little gold fish, melting down and remaking them; the stages of dissatisfaction, lack of accomplishment and tragic death that curses pedigree. This novel appears to be suggesting that the failure to learn from one’s blunders, the lack of historical awareness, becomes the primary curse called upon Macondo’s history and therefore a critical element in the series of dealings surrounding the killing of the banana workers (Browitt 16-33). The chronological burden of wars, economic distress, consecutive ethical failures and political betrayal, ultimately leads to devastation. One Hundred Years of Solitude chronicles historical facts from the inside. Garcia Marquez adeptly avoids the melodramatic style of former socialist realisms by placing the storyline focalization within th e community of Macondo. He ingeniously permits the Colombian bourgeoisie to conceal its profligacy through its own dealings. Garcia Marquez’s technique around classical realists is basically to locate the story-telling height of popular culture, focalizing dealings in the course of their understanding of the townspeople, who through their discerning memory re-live the past. Furthermore, Garcia Marquez does not â€Å"problematise† the language of illustration; his magical realism changes the entity of representation itself, permitting the magical and superstitious world of oral folk mores to stand for itself. This novel makes use of eminent uniqueness of the Latin American modernist tradition (Browitt 16-33). The first thing the reader notices when reading Marquez’s novel is the mere quantity of dealings it covers, therefore making it a daunting task to provide a brief synopsis of the plot. Even though the novel rests on an impossible to read manuscript given to a family by a strange gypsy, there are many tangents and twirls as we realize the events of the Buendia’s in their home town of Macondo. This seemingly makes the novel a tad too difficult to follow, with family disputes, civil war, incestuous relationships and industrialization, tossing the story-line into many numerous directions. The political wars and quarrels in the novel reflect the taut relationship between the liberals and the conservatives throughout Colombian History, where the exertion for

The use of practical resources for supporting learning within Essay

The use of practical resources for supporting learning within Mathematics - Essay Example It could help those students that have special needs, like those who have difficulties with the other resources (such as having a hard time in seeing the board due to eyesight problems). It could also help in the development of understanding number and mental calculation for as long as the correct type of resource has been used (Resources to Support Teaching and Learning Mathematics, n.d.). To support develop and learning, the use of primary resources is very important. Recent studies show that the provision of resources helped kinaesthetic learners in making sure that they learn best through movement and manipulation (Education Review Office New Zealand, 2007). Thus, so much attention has been given to such studies who aim to look into the purposes of resources in supporting learning in various subjects such as mathematics. Aside from aiding the learning of students who learn best through manipulation and movement, resources also have different purpose. Firstly, resources provide a visual image. A visual image allows mathematical concepts to be seen and understood clearly by students. As this paper focuses on primary school students, this is vital in explaining to them the different concepts in mathematics together with the different mathematical operations. Secondly, resources could help in supporting a calculation. Using practical sources in supporting calculation c ould help learners follow the process of calculating something (Tanner and Jones, 2000). At the same time, it will guide them through every stage that you have been through, making it easier for him or her to perform the same calculation. This is also necessary in teaching primary school students as they are just beginning to learn the different processes in performing the different mathematical operations. The teacher could make use of number lines in showing how calculations could be broken down in different steps, and that each ‘jump’

International trade- tariffs Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

International trade- tariffs - Research Paper Example Such tariffs levied on the import of good are called the import tariff. Another kind of tariff which is not very common is called the export tariff. It is levied on exported products. Ghana imposed a tax on the export of cocoa. The OPEC (Organization of the Oil Producing Countries) once imposed export tax on oil to generate revenue and also artificially create a scarcity of oil in the international markets to increase the price of the product. A more important purpose of tariffs is to produce revenue for the government. A revenue tariff may be on export or import, depending on the trade policy of the government. But in modern times when international trade has a huge impact on the economy of a country, the most important role of tariffs is for protection purpose. Different Types of Tariffs Tariffs can be classified into three categories – the specific tariff, the ad valorem tariff and the compound tariff. Each kind of tariff has their own pros and cons we shall discuss them br iefly. Specific tariff is fixed amount of money taxed on each unit of the imported goods. The advantage of this kind of tariff is that it can be very easily calculated on the standard goods that are regularly imported. However the degree of protection that this kind of tariff offers varies inversely with the price of the good in the international market. ... In such cases the domestic industry has to supply the domestic market with less expensive good to win back the consumers. But in times of depression the prices of goods in the world market falls. In such a situation the domestic markets are better protected by the specific tariff. Specific tariffs help the domestic industries against the foreign producers who reduce their prices as the extra price the domestic consumer has to pay for foreign good. Ad valorem tariff is a tax levied as a fixed percentage of the value of the imported good. Ad valorem tariff is more proportionate and progressive than specific tariff. For a slight improvement in the product which is reflected in its price a higher price needs to be paid. For example if Ad valorem tariff rate for a country is 10% then tariff for $200 iPod will be $20. For a slightly higher version of an iPod worth $220 the tariff will proportionately higher at $22. Furthermore, ad valorem rate of tariff ensures that there is a constant pro tection for the domestic industries through periods of fluctuating price. However ad valorem tariffs generate revenue for the government that is proportional to the value of imports. Therefore the government revenue may also fluctuate with price fluctuation. Another difficulty of imposing ad valorem tariff is the problem of evaluation. The evaluation of the value of the good poses a difficulty for the customs appraisers. The difficulty increases due to constant fluctuation of prices of goods in the world market. (Helpman and Krugman). Sometimes compound tariff rates are also preferred by the countries. This kind of tariff consists of a specific component and an ad valorem component. The specific tariff is used to negate the disadvantage of cost faced by the domestic producers of finished

The use of practical resources for supporting learning within Essay

The use of practical resources for supporting learning within Mathematics - Essay Example It could help those students that have special needs, like those who have difficulties with the other resources (such as having a hard time in seeing the board due to eyesight problems). It could also help in the development of understanding number and mental calculation for as long as the correct type of resource has been used (Resources to Support Teaching and Learning Mathematics, n.d.). To support develop and learning, the use of primary resources is very important. Recent studies show that the provision of resources helped kinaesthetic learners in making sure that they learn best through movement and manipulation (Education Review Office New Zealand, 2007). Thus, so much attention has been given to such studies who aim to look into the purposes of resources in supporting learning in various subjects such as mathematics. Aside from aiding the learning of students who learn best through manipulation and movement, resources also have different purpose. Firstly, resources provide a visual image. A visual image allows mathematical concepts to be seen and understood clearly by students. As this paper focuses on primary school students, this is vital in explaining to them the different concepts in mathematics together with the different mathematical operations. Secondly, resources could help in supporting a calculation. Using practical sources in supporting calculation c ould help learners follow the process of calculating something (Tanner and Jones, 2000). At the same time, it will guide them through every stage that you have been through, making it easier for him or her to perform the same calculation. This is also necessary in teaching primary school students as they are just beginning to learn the different processes in performing the different mathematical operations. The teacher could make use of number lines in showing how calculations could be broken down in different steps, and that each ‘jump’

Public Governance in England Essay Example for Free

Public Governance in England Essay Governance can be defined as how local government bodies operate and control structure and processes of local authorities to manage their communities under one umbrella. These local bodies ensure quality service to the people and lead communities in a responsible way (Governance). The role of governance is to give clear directions, facilitate new projects, acts and take steps for any foreseen danger to the community.   Public governance deal with public sector and is kept under constant review. It sets out clear principles for the administration to arrange for public regulation. The treasury report states that UK spending had increased to  £500 by the year 2005 and 2006. Public governance would include policy making and providing quality service to public related issues including housing, sanitary, health, education, sewage and water supply management. Public governance ensures quality services to the citizens and taxpayers.   In public governance there is no combined code or any equivalent code of principles. However, there is an alternative individual codes and guidance that are specifically made for individual specific public bodies.   In 2004 a commission comprising key leaders from public was established by three different institutes, Chartered institute of Public Finance and Accountancy (CIPFA), the Office of Public Management (OPM) and Joseph Rowntree foundation. The goal was to establish good governance principles for public services equivalent to Combined Code. These principles would support publicly funded bodies.   The Good Governance Standard For Public was published in 2005 by the commission that addressed issues for the members of public, governing bodies, public services, organizations, governors and those who develop codes for governance (Good Governance Briefing).   The governance of both public and private sector are combined and supervised by the unitary board model. This board is formed by executive and non-executive directors who are responsible for management of daily business and those tasks that are independent of the management respectively. The board functions to monitor both the governance.   The role of the boards of public governance and private governance is somewhat similar, but public sector is more complex. In public governance there is no standard organisational shape and no legislation operate public bodies. That is, public services do not work under any legislative framework instead they have unified boards of independent executive and non-executive directors.   Most non-departmental public bodies (NDPBs) are exclusively comprised of non-executive directors. Some organizations have both executive and non-executive, while some other operate under one chief executive who is the top level member of the board and there is no other equivalent executive with him (Good Governance Briefing).   Supervisory boards are formed by the members from diverse stakeholders and are much larger than unified boards. Good governance is very important for successful public administration. Public sector failure results from poor governance. However, the poor governance is not just the result of any poor performance in single issue or service (Governance). But poor governance results from a number of factors that when combined pose several problems in the public sector administration. The quality of service by the public governance matters a lot for the people to gain trust in that government. To gain trust from its people public governance must offer quality service and assure them proper security, health, education to live in prosperous society. Loss of public trust is of immense importance for the public government. Once people do not support that government then it can threaten their accomplishment as a strong government.   Public governance must follow good governance policies and its main goal is to have a lot of trust from its people. Public government can have good image by having good support from its people. In forming rules and regulation public government will always keep in mind the facilities for the people of community. Public governance strives for quality service in education and health to its people. Once people choose not to support that government and not to participate in voting or vote against it then it can be fragmented (Governance).   Public government is also responsible for health and sanitary conditions in the community. It is involved in operating public hospitals and is responsible for maintaining high standard of medical treatment, medical services, cleanliness and sanitation of the hospitals. Public run hospitals must have proper healthcare system in order to provide proper health to the community and its people (Stolzenber). It is the responsibly of the governance to adopt strategies to preserve its viable function and also improve its structure to attain high health standards.   Characteristics of public governance must be strong enough to participate in the market-driven economy. The infrastructure of the governance must be efficient and flexible to operate independently of the bureaucratic impediments. Only high standards of governance can lead to successful and prosperous communities.   In public governance some departments have independent lay members and magistrates. These include police authorities. The Local Government Act 2000 developed three different types of political structures to be followed by local authorities. Each local body will develop proposals to adopt any of the three structures either as an executive role or scrutiny role. The council of higher education mainly adopts the executive role.   There are around 450,000 governors in the public service organizations. Every governor is responsible for leading and directing the workforce, organizing their tasks and fulfill their main objectives. They work for the public interest.   References   New Charity Regulation. http://lawreview.kentlaw.edu/articles/80-2/Morris.pdf Stolzenber, Edward A. Governance Change for Public Hospitals. Retrieved from http://www.ache.org/mbership/advtofellow/caserpts/governance99.cfm Governance. Retrieved from http://www.improvementnetwork.gov.uk/imp/core/page.do?pageId=1007044

Online Education And Traditional Education Education Essay

Online Education And Traditional Education Education Essay Thousands of people turned to online teaching them to complete their education to rise to the high level in their jobs and them to take qualifying courses or improve their level of education .It has influence in our society such as helped a lot of people who can not come to the seat of education, and it has its pros such as gives us with an chance to develop technology skills for teachers and students, and cons such as It is known that online education is not for all people, not for the uncontrolled educated or inflexible instructors , and there is a difference between online education and traditional education, and it has types. It is highly important to say that learning is no longer confined within the four walls of a classroom. The instructor, armed with a textbook, is no longer the sole source of educational experience. It is also known that Information resources are everywhere, often separated from the learner by time and space. Online Education defines the process of connecting learners with these remote resources. No one can deny that Learning is a lifelong pursuit where training and retraining become strategies for both individual and corporate success. It is noted that there are a variety of Online Education solutions for every educational need. It is thought that some people agree that Online Education has come a long way and opened new vistas in the field of education, some researchers are still questioning the value of learning through non traditional means. Whatever is the case, there are various opinions to consider and they are all true in their own right. This search for the purpose of to show people different between online education and traditional education .Many people prefer traditional education than online education. Introduction Online Education can be defined as a media based, remote, or asynchronous and supported by some instructional systems, it vans also be defined as it is a formalized teaching and learning system dedicated Because it can learn through electronic media and the Internet, and online education low cost and do not require specific places for education. It is noted that Online Education offers more opportunities Cases where it is difficult to traditional education of students with difficulty scheduling or distances as well as distance education can be easier and more flexible in terms of time and place There are three popular Online Education technologies include: is Voice-centered technology, such as CD or MP3 recordings, is Video technology, such as instructional videos, DVDs, and interactive videoconferencing, and Computer-centered technology delivered over the Internet or corporate intranet. Many surveys, studies and researched highlight the fact that Online Education Can be online education such as traditional education to provide appropriate ways for teaching assignments, and no interaction between student and teacher, and can be for students and teachers formulation their opinions in a timely manner. No one can deny that this type of education has merits and demerits, in our research, we will focus on that fact, we will do our best to discuss it I a manner that helps us to develop the Saudi educational system and upgrade its output. One of the most important benefits of Online Education is that beneficial for gifted and slower Students for many reasons such as : one hand, Provides advanced education and good for all ages, especially for students who have been deprived of the school environment . On the other hand, it provides students with individualized Online Education classes allow interactive. Stimulate and support and boost the morale of students that will enable them to progress in our time. Help develop and expand the horizons of children from gifted students through improved curricula. On the other hand, one can not deny that online education works to save money, and one of its advantages. While in traditional education to provide a budget for many requirements such as housing and gas, and other needs of students both in online education do not need them, with the students ability to full education at But, we can conclude that Become rare to use and transport, and they only need a computer and a quiet place suitable for the study, and there are a lot of students dream to go to the headquarters of the study. In our research we will identify the importance of online education and the pros and cons, and its effects on society and types. Figure 1.1 Online Education. Discussion First of all, we a student group would like to say that our research report will be forwarded to all people who want to complete their education, but they still have some problems in time or anything, also for student in higher education or secondary student in some country. Due to the developments in Information Technology and the industrial revolution as well, it is agreed that there are many new ways and modes of transfer and accommodate materials for students .Which make education floppy in nature ,and also not strictly obliged by time and place . Some studies mentioned the fact that: there is information already collected by the researchers and findings reached can be extrapolated across all the universities imparting education in Saudi Arabia. On the other hand, the applicability of certain previous studies in gathering data and then inferring concrete results may not be quite fully applicable to Saudi Arabia, Taking in to consideration that any comprehensive On-line Education solution will often be a combination of technology options, creating a set of learning tools that meet the needs of both the instructor and the learner. It is worthy mentioned to say that Distance education is divided in terms of transportation into two types: Direct contact and indirect contact .It Is allows the possibility of combining start work life and study at the same time, its to reduce cost and its use the technical means and advanced technologies, such as the printed word , or recorded on cassette tape , or recorded on videotape or on CD and make the links between teacher and student and the delivery of material to the last . Online education not relies on the actual attendance but in traditional education you must attend every day for the study. Online education is reducing the administrative burden for the teacher .its a good way to teach some people because it has multiple ways . It is of paramount importance to mention the advantages and disadvantages of On-line Education in order to utilized the advantages and avoid disadvantage in the soon future to develop the Saudi educational systems a whole: First let us talk about the advantages: These advantages of online education include the following: Firstly, Gives us with an chance to develop technology skills for teachers and students . Secondly, It also gives us access to World Resources And experts through Internet connection and Internet resources. Thirdly, It states for an increase in access to education for those who otherwise have no other chances because of the labor , family or financial constraints. in addition, It give us for a modality of instruction best appropriate for certain students . Fourthly It states greater elasticity to schedule education students can select the time and Location of class time. Fifthly, It also gives greater elasticity in location for study . Sixthly, learners can participate course at house or labor or on campus or at library. Seventhly, bearing in mind that it is student Centered -DE places responsibility for learning with the student who should be more active and self directed. Eighthly, It facilitates greater learner instructor interaction, it also increased interaction with classmates. Ninthly ,Facilitates Pedagogic Development-Individual Instructor Development, Produces a carryover effect into the regular classroom of improved pedagogic techniques, and it allows for the internationalization of learning opportunities. Finally, it has the ability to equalize get to education. . Second, we will talk about the disadvantages to be avoided in order to reach our own target to develop and upgrade the Saudi educational system: These disadvantages of online education include the following, firstly, It is known that online education is not for all people, not for the uncontrolled educated or inflexible instructors. Secondly ,It provides us with sentiments of solitude from time to time . Thirdly, Is likely to be less group uphold for educated resulting to isolation and potential non-completion of the program .Fourthly, It requires a great voltage to establish and maintain the technological infrastructure .fifthly, It also requires considerable effort and cost to develop suitable materials.sixthly, It is noted that education design for group activities and group interaction more require on the teacher . Seventhly , it is also noted that learner should be more proactive and self-directed in online education environment. Eighthly, It depends on individual motivation and initiative .Online Education takes gap time between learner participation and feedback time interval between need for student support and decisi on .ninthly, It also needs occasional internet provider downtime and Finally, we can say that one of the big disadvantages of Online Education is time and frustrations participate learning how to access online for beginner. There are four types of Online Education but it is highly important to understand the difference between different types of Online Education when choosing the right course for you, you can choose the one that best suits your learning style and personal circumstances. Distance Learning: It has a lot in common with the original correspondence .Students can study in anytime, and at any place of their choice , and without face-to-face with a teacher. Self Study: It can be defined as a minimalist form of distance learning. , and considers a good method of education so that the person learns and understands himself. Enables person to take responsibility in the planning and implementation. E-Learning: e-learning gave to people many opportunities to learn through the Internet and to benefit Blended learning: It can be defined as a combination of Online Education and traditional classroom teaching. . Figure 2.2 Self Study . Conclusion Our research is focused onà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  Online educationà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ã‚  , therefore, It is of paramount importance to mention the pros and cons of Online Education in order to utilized the advantages and avoid disadvantage in the soon future to develop the Saudi educational systems a whole. It is agreed upon the fact that Online Education Presents more opportunities in situations where traditional education has difficulty running. Students with scheduling or distance problems can benefit, as can employees, because distance education can be more flexible in terms of time and can be delivered almost anywhere and anytime. Online Education is the provision of academic courses and entire degree programs when instructor and students are geographically separated. Many surveys, studies and research highlight the fact that Online Education be as effective as the traditional format when the methods are appropriate to the teaching assign , there is interaction between student and teacher, and the teachers supply students with the appropriate and timely feedback. Online Education it has different types . It is highly important to understand the difference between this types when choosing the right course for you, you can choose the one that best suits your learning style and personal circumstances Finally, the success of the On-line Education depends basically on the environments surrounding us, many nation has succeed to follow this system as they apply it as appropriate, while others failed to do this but this is an important type of education to be observed and followed.

Russia Essay -- European Politics, Bilateral Relations

The change witnessed in modern day society can be traced back to the period of the 18th and 19th centuries. It is in this period that Western Europe achieved rapid economic growth and development. This was through the Agrarian and Industrial revolutions that swept across Europe, mostly Western Europe, causing in its wake rapid development and changing gender roles and lifestyles in general (Collins, 2006). It is also in Western Europe that events such as the French revolution brought about massive changes in society, completely altering the lifestyles of its citizens. However, the change did not end in Western Europe, but spread to other countries of the Eastern bloc, such as Russia. This was mostly through the influence brought about by bilateral relations. The changes thus brought forth cut across all spheres of peoples lifestyles including legal rights, access to education and positions of power, family size, fashion and ways of socialization. The society during this time was male dominated. Men enjoyed positions of power and responsibility and made all the decisions regarding the family. Access to education was also a preserve of the male child. Rights such as those of inheritance and land were allocation bestowed on the male offspring because of the continuity of the family. However, with the changes in the Western society, women started enjoying some of these rights, though initially in minimal ways. In France, the French revolution caused changes in the French educational system (Tuminez, 2000). The French government was committed to creating an educational system that would produce engineers, medical doctors and economists that would help the country achieve economic power. In changing the educational system, the Fren... ...ovell, 2010). Finally, the world continually celebrates women. In western countries, the Valentines Day, which is observed on the 14th day of February, celebrates lovers in a union but places emphasis on the woman as men traditionally buy flowers and gifts to please their women. This day was special even before the 19th century. This must have inspired the International women’s day in Russia, which is marked on the 8th day of March every year. The society values the role of women together with their contributions, in the community. Men buy their women flowers or even send cards to female colleagues and friends to appreciate them. The changes that took place in the West in the 18th and 19th centuries played a key role in influencing women in Russia and their roles in society with regard to fashion, education, religion, family and occupation have greatly changed.

The Crimes of Crime and Punishment :: Dostoevsky Crime and Punishment

The Crimes of Crime and Punishment Our topic for this paper is Crime and Punishmet, by Fyodor Dostoevsky   . There are several different issues on this subject.   We chose three main points to talk about: The Crimes, the People who solved them, and the different types of punishments.   These are the topics we chose for our report.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Crime in the nineteeth century was rapid though out London.   But because of all of the poverty and sickness in the streets, crime was the only way to survive.   Most of the crimes that took place in London were crimes that involved stealing.   Pickpocket gangs and street gamblers were a regular sight when walking down a major London street.   Prostitution was also a big money maker on the streets, done by both girls and boys.   But crimes though out the middle class and rich were mostly property crimes and disputes which made up 90% of all crimes committed by the upper-class.   In Victorian England and like   today there a two categories which crimes fall under.   "Indictable" which is the same as our felony crimes that make up all of the major crimes.   These crimes consist of: Murder,   armed robbery, burglary, larceny, rape, and assaults on the police.   The next called category is called " Summery " crimes which is equal to our misdemeanor crimes. Summery crimes were all minor crimes such as: Property crimes, Vagrancy, Drunkenness, Prostitution, Minor Larceny , and all other minor offenses.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Probably the most famous criminal in the Victorian period was " Jack the Ripper ". Jack the Ripper was " the first modern sexual serial killer" ( Sugden, pg.2) Jack's trademark was the killing of female prostitutes.   But not only did he kill them, he would surgically remove organs and intrails and place them near the dead body. "Jack the Ripper" wasn't his only nickname, he was also called " the Whitechaple murder " because   the body's were found near the Whitechapel Road, and " The Leather Apron" because of a man that would come by and beat up the prostitutes for no reason.   Jack the Ripper is credited for 9 killings, but police think that he might be responsible for more.   All of the killing accrued with in one square mile.   Jack is described as carrying a long knife in which he would cut open his victims, and a black Gladstone bag, the contents of   which is unknown.

Math Is Worth Learning

Every person on this planet earth needs to know at least simple math to live a normal life style. Learning math can be a daunting task when you do not have the right tools or the right materials, especially if you grew up believing that math is hard and that you will never understand it. All humans need to get rid of any negative thinking that teachers, friends, or even a caring relative helped you build over the years and start believing in yourself. Learning Simple math is worthwhile because every job opportunity, every household responsibly, and most every personal interest involves mathematics to some degree, also with math you can know many pattern recognition and application to basic skills. Math is about recognizing patterns, and patterns occur in everything from traffic to weather to eating and sleeping. It is obvious that these pattern-containing topics affect a person’s daily life. Patterns also occur in nature – in the ripples on the surface of a pond, in the sun’s path across the sky, and even in snowflakes, zebra stripes, and broccoli buds. Though these patterns occur in such ways that an understanding of them is not necessary for survival or success in life, it is important to consider that mathematics are essential to even the most overlooked details. Math gives order and structure to what would otherwise be random and chaotic. Who can deny the importance of mathematics when human genetics rely on them? Thus, in these examples, it can be seen that math is everywhere, even if math is not necessary for survival. Having a general understanding of mathematics yields to immeasurable benefits. Math can be put to use in the grocery store and at the mall but also while watching television or reading the newspaper. For example, without mathematics, grocery shopping becomes much more expensive than it has to be. A person without knowledge of mathematics may assume that bulk purchases save money, but this is not an intelligent assumption; according to an article in the Sunday Times, 2010, buying in bulk is often intentionally made more expensive that buying individually. Specifically, â€Å"the newspaper found that the difference can be as much as 30%! † When applying for credit cards, many customers do not take into account the interest rates they are being charged. Many do not understand where their credit scores come from! Similarly, a weak statistics background may mislead an ad reader into believing a faulty success rate. For example, the fact that â€Å"eight out of ten women prefer† a specific brand of shampoo is not a valid reason to purchase it. What if two of the women surveyed lost all of their hair or developed a skin disease as a result of using this brand? How would the statistics look if the reader knew the whole story? Even for merely common-sense purposes, a general understanding of mathematics is necessary. The vast majority of high school and college students despise mathematics; it is difficult for this majority to realize that various seemingly-unrelated areas of study include math as a foundation. Music, art/design, and even athletics are built on mathematics. A pianist can benefit from patterns and sequences when composing much the same way that a golfer can benefit from math-based physics, trigonometry, and even statistics when driving. No matter which avenue a student pursues, math will somehow be present. It is not only the responsibility of a nurse, an engineer, or a physicist to know mathematics. Rather, it is in each student’s best interest that they apply, or at least consider, mathematics in all areas of life. The universal language of the world is math, and people have been using it for thousands of years across the world. Today’s society would not be in existence without the application of mathematics. By there example we now know why does simple math apply to most of the population. Without math our lives would be very different, and difficult In closing, I think that ideally, every person should strive for proficiency in as many different academic disciplines as possible. In a perfect society, everyone would be intelligent and posses the ability to succeed in any endeavor. Realistically this is completely impossible. With this being said, I think that it is more important to focus on an individual’s strengths instead of attempting to exploit his or her weaknesses. I enjoy math, and have traditionally done well in it. However, this does not imply that others should feel the same. Everyone has different talents and abilities and should not be penalized for a lack of ability or interest in a specific area of study. All individuals must be responsible for their academic choices but should also be encouraged to challenge themselves to reach their full potential.

How Aerial Travel and Cabin Pressure Adversely Affects the Human Body Essay

The idea of humans traveling to the Moon or other areas out side of the Earth’s orbit is mostly scientific. However, when astronauts remain in space, having to re-balance the body to suit less or no gravity compared to the Earth could bring about many changes to the body. Scientists have found that the time required for recovery depends on the time spent in zero-gravity conditions. The longer one stays off of the Earth’s surface, the more damage can be caused. Strictly speaking, even a trip in an Airplane would require safety precautions to minimize damage to the body of this. For example, cabin pressure increased to maintain balance and prevent feeling different to a lower pressure. This essay will consist of two sections. The first will be of flight effects within the Earth’s hemisphere, and how to perhaps prevent damage to the body. The second, and longer section deals with space travel through Zero-gravity and effects of weightlessness on the body and the cou nter-measures to prevent damage to the body. Section 1, flight effects on the passengers, specifically dealing with cabin pressure: Airplanes fly at the cruising altitude of around 33’000 feet, or approximately 10’000 meters. Because the cruising altitude has a cabin pressure lower than air pressure on ground or even under sea-level, the oxygen availability is less and gases within the body expand. This causes the oxygen saturation level of the blood to reduce, which can lead to mild hypoxia, the reduced supply of oxygen to the tissues around the body. Due to the effects of hypoxia, alcohol consumption would affect the brain much more than it would on Earth. As the aircraft makes its decent back to Earth, air must be allowed to flow into the middle of the ear to equalize pressure differences. Passengers often can feel this change in air pressure. People with ear, nose and sinus infections are usually advised to avoid flying because of these changes in air pressure. Air travel in airplanes has less thank 20% humidity. This causes discomfort to the eyes, mouth and nose but does not risk the passenger’s health. This discomfort can be prevented by drinking liquids (water recommended) before and during the flight, and using skin moisturizers. Also passengers with short-sightedness or long-sightedness are advised to wear eye-glasses rather than contact lenses during flight as the contact lenses may dry out. In order to avoid de-hydration, passengers should drink non- alcoholic beverages. Section 2, how traveling through space affects humans Astronauts often experience â€Å"Zero- Gravity† during their travels through space. This zero gravity or micro gravity can bring about health concern to the body if astronauts remain in space for a long period of time. It would be much healthier for crews to live under artificial gravity. In order to prevent any biological changes in the body when experiencing zero gravity, scientists recommend a force of artificial gravity equal to a third of the Earth’s level of gravity. However, scientists still haven’t research affects of artificial gravity on humans but they know for a fact and there is an imbalance in the body due to the shifts of gravity levels. Artificial gravity prevents physiological changes from occurring. In zero-gravity, the body deteriorates. It takes less muscle to move around, so after a long period of time in space, muscles weaken so the body bends. Because there is no tension in space, muscles relax and after a while they atrophy as a result of disuse and eventually disappear. To prevent the fracture of bones, limbs and muscles, all space shuttles give the opportunity for astronauts to do rigorous exercise everyday to keep the muscles strong. Staying in Zero-gravity for months causes bones to lose mass and get thinner, as they are not carrying any weight. This means astronauts must go through rigorous trainings in the spacecraft everyday in order to keep muscle and bone strength. â€Å"When a great deal of the crew’s precious time in space is spent exercising rather than doing science, money and potential knowledge are being squandered for the sake of health. It is a sacrifice, but a necessary one1† In space, receptors in the inner ear allow humans to sense direction. In space, ear receptors don’t receive the same cues and the mind gets used to ignoring the inner ear’s feelings about balance. Hand-eye coordination, posture and balance are all affected by the disorientation of the mind. When astronauts return to earth, they are often â€Å"overwhelmed by dizziness† and have difficulty in maintaining balance. An example of the mind adapting to the new gravity less surroundings would be with Shannon Lucid, who was on board the Russian space Station MIR for six months. The astronaut said â€Å"You just sort of get used to floating around† but we also know that floating around is not all that astronauts do- they must resist the effects of micro gravity on the body. Also, no gravity means no resistance from growing, so some astronauts return to earth some 6 inches taller than when they left. It is only after a few months that they grow down/ shrink back to normal height. This is because of the unloading of spinal discs- because of lack of gravity, the discs in the spine are not holding up or don anything, so they tend to stretch rather than contract. Traveling through micro gravity causes bodily fluids to shift from the lower body to the cephalic area (head), and so people’s faces tend to swell and become rounder than they are on earth. When the brain senses a higher amount of blood than usual, it interprets the situation that there is now an overall increase in the total volume of fluids in the body. The brain responds by triggering the excretion of fluids, making astronauts prone to dehydration. Also, the fluid redistribution can shrink legs as the bones are weaker. These fluids pass through the kidneys, causing kidney filtration rate to increase, bone loss can cause Kidney stones. Fluids that leave the body include calcium loss and bone demineralization. The loss of blood plasma causes temporary Anemia upon the return to Earth. Some crew members get â€Å"space anemia.† Scientists are concerned about the affects of catching this disease on over all crew performance. Blood volume may decrease by 10 percent. The increase of fluids in the head causes the same feeling as when one has a cold and feels blocked in. in space astronauts begin to lose their sense of taste, causing the craving for strong flavorings in the food such as horseradish, mustard and taco sauce. Fluid loss, lack of exercise and diminished appetite cause weight loss as astronauts tend not to eat as much as they would on earth. Meals and exercise are planned to prevent excessive loss. Zero-gravity affects the cardio-vascular system. On earth we must cope with gravity, which sustains or slows down the blood-flow. In zero gravity, there is no gravity force, causing the heart to slow down due to the decreased demands of blood as it travels more freely. The immune system in the body is also affected by weightlessness. In space, one is exposed to illness as the immune response lowers and numbers of anti-bodies decrease after a long exposure to micro gravity. Approximately half of all astronauts are affected by this unpleasant syndrome which affects nausea, headache, lethargy and sweating (taken from NASA sources). Also, minor effects of weightlessness on the body include puffiness in the face, flatulence, weight loss, nasal congestion and often sleeping disturbances. Upon returning to earth, recovery time depends on the duration of stay in space. Muscles are weak and the body is not used to gravity forces, (causing them to feel dizzy) and so some astronauts are taken back in stretchers. This shows why astronauts need to be â€Å"at the peak of fitness.† If in the near future the human race would build space stations as tourist resorts, some would prefer hotels with zero-gravity and some would want partial gravity, which would bring about competition like hotels on earth, which would drive prices low. As gravity affects all biological, physical and chemical processes on earth, building an International Space Station gives new opportunity to study a world without gravity and its affect on animals and other living organisms. Observing the weightlessness effect on these living organisms could teach scientists about biological processes on earth, such as aging and osteoporosis. In the end, we can see that human travel through space is safer under artificial gravity when compared to astronauts being exposed to weightlessness, micro gravity or zero gravity (all three mean the same). Most of the problems mentioned such as fluid loss and muscle deterioration would not cause problems as long as the crew remained in a weightless environment. Remaining in a zero-gravity environment for over a long period of time could cause problems, however. In 1987, in the later stages of his 326-day mission, Russian Yuri Romanenko was fatigued both physically and mentally due to traveling through space. The majority of his day was spent sleeping regaining strength, in the meantime his bones were deteriorating. Some say if many like Romanenko stayed in space for much longer, he may not have survived re-entry to the Earth. Returning to Earth could cause problems as the body is much weaker due to demineralization and atrophy of the bones and shortage of red blood cells. Oneâ€℠¢s balance must now again be readjusted causing many astronauts to feel dizzy when back to a strong â€Å"g† force gravity on earth. Whether or not the large amount of time and money spent on keeping astronauts fit during space flight is worth the scientific findings is debatable. Physiological effects need to be prevented as much a possible. Again, this is usually prevented by rigorous exercise and micro gravity could still be a danger to the astronaut’s health. Many scientists believe that the benefits of transporting/sending out machines (robots) and humans to space, despite the health issues, are nothing compared to the huge benefit that society will receive. Humans will not be perfectly suited to living in a weightless environment, but that won’t stop Astrobiologists and many other research firms like NASA from exploring space. The many benefits of space exploration such as technological knowledge and inspiration easily outweigh the negative aspects. Bibliography: Sources were from Newspapers, CDs, web sites and a large extract of a book in one of the web-pages. Most web sites accessed on the 11th December 2003 and 9th January 2004. 1) http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php?page=adapt02 2) www.permanent.com/s-nograv.htm 3) http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php%3fpage=adapt02 4) www.spacefuture.com/habitat/zerog.shtml 5) http://mos.org/cst/article/77/6.html 6) http://school.discovery.com/schooladventures/spacestation/basics/why.html 7) www.relaxincomfort.com/zerogravity_benefits.html 8) http://experts.about.com/q/2540/2677459.htm 9) www.uclas.ac.uk/facs/science/physastr/courses/space/ssyear1/sc1201.htm 10) http://www.who.int/ith/chapter02_01.html 11) Definitions from Microsoft Encarta 2003 Premium Suite CD 12) http://library.thinkquest.org/2606/Environmental_problems/water_pollution_-_effects.html (used for first idea of project) 1 http://library.thinkquest.org/C003763/index.php%3fpage=adapt02