Properties of Gases

Heather Schnicker 26 October 2012 Experiment # 4 (Lab 3) Properties of Gases PURPOSE The purpose of this experiment was to investigate and identify the chemical properties of the gases tested. DATA Gas| FLAME REACTION| GLOWING SPLINT| LIMEWATER REACTION| BROMOTHYMOL BLUE REACTION| Hydrogen| NO REACTION| Â  | Â  | Â  | Oxygen| Â  | BURNED BRIGHTER| Â  | Â  | Hydrogen & Oxygen| QUICK FLAME BURST| Â  | Â  | Â  | Carbon Dioxide| Â  | PUT THE FIRE OUT| NO REACTION| TURNED YELLOW| Alka Seltzer| Â  | Â  | BUBBLED| Â  | Breath| Â  | Â  | HUGE BUBBLES| Â  | CONCLUSIONBased off this experiment it made me realize that the reactions are much more different when comparing an acidic or basic solution. By doing these experiments at home also proves a point in that knowing what type of reaction to expect is a must. QUESTIONS A. Give two reasons why we fill the gas generator test tubes almost to the top with chemicals. * To get as much gas as possible without any air * Some of the chemicals could react with the oxygen that is filling up the rest of the test tube B. What happens to the zinc in the hydrogen generation experiment? * It dissolvesC. What happens to the manganese in the oxygen generation experiment? * The manganese acted as a catalyst D. Write a balanced equation for the reaction between 02 and H2? -H2 + H2 +02= 2H20 E. What is the function/purpose of the bromothymol blue in the C02 experiment? -To show how acidic solutions react differently than basic solutions E. Bromothymol blue is blue in the presence of basic solutions, and yellow in the presence of acidic solutions. If your solution is a murky green, what might you assume about a solution? -It is a mixture of acidic and basic solutions

Lacsap’s Triangle

1 Introduction. Let us consider a triangle of fractions: Obviously, the numbers are following some pattern. In this investigation we will try to explain the theory behind this arrangement and to find a general relation between the element’s number and its value. The pattern above is called a Lacsap’s Triangle, which inevitably hints at its relation to another arrangement – Pascal’s Triangle (as Lacsap appears to be an anagram of Pascal). The algorithm behind it is very simple: each element is the sum of the two elements above it.However, if we represent a triangle as a table (below), we will be able to notice a pattern between an index number of an element and its value: column column column column column column column 2 0 1 2 3 4 5 row 0 1 row 1 1 1 row 2 1 2 1 row 3 1 3 3 1 row 4 1 4 6 4 1 row 5 1 5 10 10 5 1 row 6 1 6 15 20 15 6 6 1 It seems important to us to stress several points that this table makes obvious: ? the number of elements in a row is n + 1 (where n is an index number of a row) ? the element in column 1 is always equal to the element in column n – 1 ? herefore, the element in column 1 in every row is equal to the number of a given row. Now when we have established the main sequences of a Pascal’s triangle let us see how they are going to be expressed in a Lacsap’s arrangement. We also suggest looking at numerators and denominators separately, because it seems obvious that the fractions themselves can’t be derived from earlier values using the progressions of the sort that Pascal uses. Finding Numerators. Let’s begin with presenting given numerators in a similar table, where n is a number of a row. n=1 1 1 n=2 1 3 1 n=3 1 6 6 1 n= 4 1 0 10 10 1 n=5 1 15 15 15 15 1 3 Although the triangles appeared similar, the table demonstrates a significant difference between them. We can see, that all numerators in a row (except 1’s) have the same value. Therefore, they do not depend on oth er elements, and can be obtained from a number of row itself. Now a relationship we have to explore is between these numbers: 1 1 2 3 3 6 4 10 5 15 If we consider a number of row to be n, then n=1 1=n 0. 5 2 n 0. 5 (n +1) n n=2 3 = 1. 5n 0. 5 3 n 0. 5 (n +1) n n=3 6 = 2n 0. 5 4 n 0. 5 (n +1) n n=4 10 = 2. 5 n 0. 5 5 n 0. 5 (n +1) n n=5 15 = 3n 0. 6 n 0. 5 (n +1) n Moving from left to right in each row of the table above, we can clearly see the pattern. Dividing an element by a row number we get a series of numbers each one of them is 0. 5 greater than the previous one. If 0. 5 is factored out, the next sequence is {2; 3; 4; 5; 6}, where each element corresponds to a row number. Using a cyclic method, we have found a general expression for the numerator in the original triangle: If Nn is a numerator in a row n, then Nn = 0. 5(n + 1)n = 0. 5n2 + 0. 5n Now we can plot the relation between the row number and the numerator in each row.The graph of a parabolic form begins at (0; 0) and co ntinues to rise to infinity. It represents a continuous function for which D(f) = E(f) = (0; ); 4 Using a formula for the numerator we can now find the numerators of further rows. For example, if n = 6, then Nn = 0. 5 62 + 0. 5 6 = 18 + 3 = 21; if n = 7, then Nn = 0. 5 72 + 0. 5 7 = 24. 5 + 3. 5 = 28; and so forth. Another way of representing numerators would be through using factorial notation, for obviously Numeratorn = n! Now let’s concentrate of finding another part of the fraction in the triangle. Finding Denominators.There are two main variables, that a denominator is likely to depend on: ? number of row ? numerator To find out which of those is connected with the denominator, let us consider a following table: column 1 column 2 column 3 column 4 column 5 column 6 5 row 1 1 1 row 2 1 2 1 row 3 1 4 4 1 row 4 1 7 6 7 1 row 5 1 11 9 9 11 1 It is now evident, that a difference between the successive denominators in a second column increases by one with each iteration: {1; 2 ; 4; 7; 11}, the difference between elements being: {1; 2; 3; 4}. So if the number of row is n, and the denominator of the second column is D, then D1 = 1D2 = 2 D3 = 4 etc; then Dn = Dn-1 + (n – 1) = (n-1)! + 1; If we now look at the third column with a regard to a factorial sequence, a pattern emerges: In the series {1; 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7;†¦ ; }, if d is the denominator of the third column, then: d3 = 1 + 1 + 2 = 4 d4 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6 d5 = 2 + 3 + 4 = 9 dn = (n – 2)! + 3; To check the consistency of this succession, we will continue with the study of the fourth column. By analogy, the result is as follows: Denominatorn = (n – 3)! + 6 (where n is a number of row) Therefore, it can be represented as follows:Column 2 (n-1)! +1 Column 3 (n-2)! +3 Column 4 (n-3)! +6 It is now clear, that numbers inside the brackets follow the (c – 1) (where c is the number of column), and the numbers outside are in fact the numerators of the row of the previous index num ber (comparing to the column). Therefore, a general expression for the denominator would be Dn = (n – (c – 1))! + (c – 1)! 6 where Dn is a general denominator of the triangle n is a number of row c is the number of column Now we can use a formula above to calculate the denominators of the rows 6 and 7. column 2 column 3 olumn 4 column 5 column 6 row 6 (6 – 1)! + 1 = 16 (6 – 2)! + 3 = 13 (6 – 3)! + 6 = 12 (6 – 4)! + 10 = 13 (6 – 5)! +15 =16 row 7 (7 – 1)! + 1 = 22 (7 – 2)! + 3 = 18 (7 – 3)! + 6 = 16 (7 – 4)! + 10 = 16 (7 – 5)! +15 =18 column 7 (7 – 6)! + 21 = 22 Fusing these value with the numerators from the calculations above, we get the 6th and the 7th rows of the Lacsap’s triangle: Row 6: 1; ; ; ; ; ;1 Row 7: 1; ; ; ; ; ; ;1 If we now let En(r) be the (r + 1)th element in the nth row, starting with r = 0; then the general statement for this element would be: En(r) =Conclusion. To check the validity and limitations of this general statement let us consider the unusual circumstances: first of all, will it work for the columns of ones (1st and last column of each row)? if n = 4 r = 0, then En(r) = =1 if n = 5 r = 5, then En(r) = =1 7 therefore, the statement is valid for any element of any row, including the first one: En(r) = =1 However, obviously, the denominator of this formula can not equal zero. But as long as r and n are both always positive integers (being index numbers), this limitation appears to be irrelevant.If the numeration of columns was to start from 1 (the 1st column of ones), then the general statement would take the form of: En(r) = 8 Bibliography: 1) Weisstein, Eric W. â€Å"Pascal's Triangle. † From MathWorld–A Wolfram Web Resource. http:// mathworld. wolfram. com/PascalsTriangle. html 2) â€Å"Pascal’s Triangle and Its Patterns†; an article from All you ever wanted to know http:// ptri1. tripod. com/ 3) Lando , Sergei K.. â€Å"7. 4 Multiplicative sequences†. Lectures on generating functions. AMS. ISBN 0-8218-3481-9

Black Panther Party Research Essay Research Paper

Black Panther Party Research Essay, Research Paper Guns, Social Welfare, and Revolution: The Black Panther Party In late September of 1966, at a little poorness centre in North Oakland, Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale began to outline the Ten-Point Platform and Program, therefore making the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. From this creative activity rose a complex patriot organisation with chapters throughout the United States that sought to educate the people politically, and from that instruction give the people the desire to ramp a revolution in order to hold their demands and political docket fulfilled. The Black Panther Party was the prototype of the patriot option throughout the late sixties and 70s, and they had the demand to make alteration within what they believed to be the racist power construction of the United States. The Black Panther Party was able to form the people, and take portion in actions that would assist to implement societal alteration. The Panthers created timeserving plans for the Black young person in order to assist construct up the community. In add-on, the Panthers besides staged many presentations and protests that non merely brought together the Black community, but besides benefited the cause of equal rights. Despite all of the good facets that the Black Panther Party brought to the Black community and civil rights motion ( or possibly because of these facets ) , the F.B.I. and United States authorities believed the Panthers to be one of the United States greatest internal jobs. In hindsight, it becomes obvious that the US power construction was flawed in their apprehension of the Black Panther Party and their ends. Yet, in malice of this misinterpretation, the Black Panther Party was able to somewhat forestall the authorities s flawed manner of analyzing political groups to predominate into the hereafter by agencies of the Panther s bequest. The Black Panther Party was created on the belief that the United States was structurally racist, and that this racism was trying to genocide the Black race. The Black Panther Party believed that to antagonize this racism, they needed to destruct the power construction, and replace it with a merely system of authorities. Racism was non merely some self-conceived impression taken up among the members of the Black Panther Party. Racism had been happening in America by agencies of the slave trade even before the United States was called the United States. With the terminal of bondage, it was expected that Blacks would be able to incorporate into the remainder of American society and be provided with the warrants of all work forces populating in the United States as determined by the Constitution. However, it was non expected that the white community would be as opposed to this alteration as they were. The ultimate signifier of racism was portrayed in the White supremacist group the Ku Klux Klan. This group terrorized Black people throughout the South, every bit good as any sympathisers of the Black battle. In 1930 Dr. Arthur Raper was commissioned to bring forth a study on lynching, at the clip a much excessively frequent pattern in the South. He discovered that there were 3,724 people reported lynches in the United States from 1889 through to 1930. Over four-fifths of the peopled that were lynched were Negroes, and less than one-sixth of whom were accused of colza. Practically all of the lynchers were Whites. Of the 10s of 1000s of lynchers and looker-ons, merely 49 were indicted and merely 4 have been sentenced. In 1935 President Franklin D. Roosevelt refused to back up an anti-lynching measure because he argued that the white electors in the South would neer forgive him and decline to vote for him at the following election. The tolerance that the constabulary and the authorities had for lynching showed the disregard of the President and Congress in doing appropriate statute law and implementing that statute law to halt the pattern of lynching. As the laden began to contend back against the oppressors throughout the Civil Rights motion, the pattern of lynching began to slowly lessening, nevertheless, the force against Blacks persisted. Thirty old ages after Dr. Raper s study on lynches, rabble force and constabulary ferociousness against Blacks still occurred on a regular basis in the United States ; the authorities was still non looking out for Black Americans. In 1966, police ferociousness was a job in many countries of the state. The freshly formed Black Panther Party for Self Defense sent a strong message in turn toing this job: they wanted constabularies ferociousness to halt, and to make this they proposed the maneuver of self-defence. The thought of self-defense, along with the group s chauvinistic positions is portrayed in the Black Panther Party s ten-point plan. The Ten-Point Program was based on simplenesss that any citizen of the United States would want. Composed by Huey Newton and Bobby Seale, the Ten-Point Program became a cardinal constituent in the organisation of the group. The plan stresses freedom for those who were being oppressed, and an terminal to the inhibitory authorities. The Program besides strongly advocated the usage of guns for self-defence and stressed the 2nd Amendment. With 1000s of transcripts of the Ten-Point Program in manus, Newton, Seale, and Bobby Hutton went throughout the Black community jointing the Program to the people, garnering support. The three so went on to put up the 1st official central office of the Black Panther Party in North Oakland. After the creative activity of this office in Northern Oakland, involvement in the Black Panther Party began to increase throughout Oakland ; subsequently this involvement spread on a national degree, with chapters in 48 provinces, and a few international chapters every bit good. The Black Panther Party was in all facets of the term, a nationalist group. The Panthers felt that the authorities was incapable of supplying a merely authorities for all work forces, peculiarly Black work forces, and that the authorities should be replaced with a system that could see justness. The Black Panther Party s Ten-Point Program accurately inside informations this end. The Ten-Point Program was a basic desire for Black America to acquire what White America was granted without inquiry, and what Black America had been deprived of. The Programs demands were simple: freedom to find the fate of Black communities, full employment, an terminal to development of Black communities by Capitalists, nice lodging, wellness attention, an terminal to patrol ferociousness, an terminal to war, and tests for Blacks with a Black jury as opposed to an all White jury. To be granted these demands, the Ten-Point Program provinces, it is their [ the Black community s ] right, it is their responsib ility, to throw off such authorities, and to supply new guards for their future security. The Ten-Point Program and Platform boldly called for an overthrow of the authorities, and encouraged people to take up weaponries to protect themselves against these fascist constabulary forces. The Panther s were recommending radical alteration, and the people were listening. One of the grounds that the Black Panther Party was able to garner and keep so much support throughout the Black community was because they were genuinely concerned with breaking the community. Before the sta rt of the party, Huey Newton and Bobby Seale were both involved in the North Oakland Neighborhood Anti-Poverty Center. At this centre Newton was a community organiser, while Seale was the chief of a young person work undertaking. This experience in working with the community doubtless helps to explicate why most of the societal plans that the Black Panther Party developed were so successful. The plans created by the Black Panther Party, which were operated by Party members, were referred to as SPR or survival pending revolution. The first such plan was the Free Breakfast for Children Program. At its tallness, the plan was a immense success, feeding 200,000 kids daily. The plan started in a Catholic church in the Fillmore territory of San Francisco, so spread to every major metropolis in America where there was a Party chapter. Other societal services that the Black Panther Party began to supply were free wellness clinics, food market giveaways, the fabrication and distribution of fre e places, school and instruction plans, senior conveyance and service plans, free bussing to prisons and prisoner support plans, and legal assistance plans, among many others. For the most portion, these plans were all successful in supplying Blacks and other minorities with much needed societal services. Some plans were so successful, such as the Free Breakfast for Children Program, that the authorities was forced to follow similar plans throughout the state. Peoples within Black and White Communities began to recognize that the Black Panther Party was more than a clump of Black work forces with guns ; people began to recognize that the Black Panther Party could supply some replies to jobs within the community. Despite being criticized by the FBI as transporting out a Communist docket with SPR, the Black Panther Party was able to set together over 35 societal plans for the improvement of the community. Not merely was the Black Panther Party was able to supply many societal benefits for the community ; the Black Panther Party was besides highly active in the Black political battle and release motion. The Panther s called for an terminal to subjugation and offered revolution as an option. They were able to politically educate and form immature Blacks who were willing to contend for the party. In Oakland, the Black Panther Party invariably patrolled the hogs with guns in an effort to forestall constabulary ferociousness. The Panthers educated themselves on every gun jurisprudence on the books and were able to avoid being arrested in most instances ; nevertheless, in some cases, members of the Black Panther Party were arrested merely for the fact that they were Black work forces with guns. A polar event for the Black Panther Party occurred due to patrol over exerting their power and hassling Huey P. Newton and Bobby Hutton because they had guns. The result of Newton and Hutton s confro ntation with the constabulary left Hutton and a police officer dead, and landed Newton behind bars for manslaughter. The resulting Free Huey motion brought together the community every bit much as any other action that the Black Panthers took portion in. Young Whites, angry at America over the Vietnam War, joined immature urban Blacks in mass meetings to intone in unison: Free Huey! The laden combat back against his oppressors was a message that any adult male, Black or White, could appreciate. The will of the people in their battle to liberate Huey was able to assist Huey Newton acquire out of gaol three old ages after his apprehension, acquitted of all charges. Another case when the Black Panther s used their power to act upon political relations was when a group of Black Panthers, led by Bobby Seale, stormed into the California State Legislature to protest a gun-control measure. The group delivered their message to the legislative assembly, and was subsequently arrested in path b ack to Oakland. All of the members arrested spent a short clip in gaol for upseting the peace, but were neer convicted of any offense. The fact of the affair was that the Black Panther Party made their political voice heard. Despite being arrested and imprisoned, the message that the Panther s were seeking to acquire across was heard, and there was no manner that the White power construction could halt it. With the formation of the Black Panther Party and their chauvinistic positions within Ten-Point Program and Platform, the Black Panther Party had an enemy. The group that opposed the Black Panther Party the most was the F.B.I. The F.B.I. Director, J. Edgar Hoover, called the Black Panther Party the greatest menace to the internal security of the U.S. The F.B.I. viewed the formation of societal plans by the Black Panther Party as forcing a Communist docket. Alternatively of dissecting the message that the Black Panther Party was seeking to acquire across, the power construction could merely see Black work forces with guns. The F.B.I. made it a end to stop the organisation of the Black Panther Party in 1969. The most utile arm that the F.B.I. had in their armory to destruct the Black Panther Party was a counterintelligence plan competently name COINTELPRO. Through the usage of this plan the F.B.I. was able to destruct the party by agencies of its field offices and the aid of local cons tabulary. These bureaus frequently were involved in covert activities that involved slaying and mayhem. With the slayings and apprehensions of much of the hierarchy of the Black Panther organisation, the party began to easy demise throughout the seventies. A brief resurgence occurred in 1977 when Huey Newton returned to Oakland after several old ages of expatriate, but internal struggle within the party and continued F.B.I. activities brought the Party to an about nonexistent province by the 1980s. The Black Panther Party was founded on the thought that the power construction of the United States was racialist, and that it needed to be replaced. In trying to accomplish this end of revolution, the Panthers were able to construct up the community to convey people together, and allow their voice be heard. Many of the societal plans that the Panthers implemented have survived into the present twenty-four hours. Despite the best attempts of the F.B.I. to destruct the Jaguars and their ideals, the Panthers bequest of Black political power and community service will populate on forever. Plants Cited Black 3Community Bulletin: San Francisco Edition. Black Panther Party, Ministry of Information. August 1970. Chemical bond, Julian. A Time to Speak, A Time to Act: The Movement in Politics. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1972. Cagno and Lolley. The Bequest of the Black Panthers. . Hilliard, Daivd. This Side of Glory: The Autobiography of David Hilliard and the Story of the Black Panther Party. Boston: Small Brown, 1993. Jones, Charles E. The Black Panther Party Reconsidered. Baltimore: Black Classic Press, 1998. Marine, Gene. The Black Panthers. New York: New American Library, 1979. Schanche, Don A. The Panther Paradox: A Liberal s Dilemma. New York: David McKay Company, Inc. , 1970. Spartacus Education. 9 April 2001 The Black Panther Party and its Annihilation by COINTELPRO. . The Huey P. Newton Foundation. .

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Read Robert C. Solomon's article It's Good Business on pg. 36 of the Essay

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Effectiveness of Business Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Business Proposal Photo Travel App Research Paper

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The Kepler Mission - Research Paper Example By observing the activity of the other planets and stars in the galaxy, the NASA informs human activities thus making the earth a safer place. The other planets and the star orbit revolve around the earth. This implies that the space consists of numerous movements thus increasing the likelihood of collisions (Shipman, Wilson & Higgins, 2013). The authority has determine past crashes on earth thus informing safety precautions in order to avert the loss of lives associated with such activities. The devise monitors the activity on the earth’s Milky Way. Fixed in a particular point of view in the Milky Way, the spacecraft maintains an integral view of the earth’s habitable zone. The spacecraft thus monitors the movement of other planets and stars on the path thus informing the safety and stability of the earth. The main instrument in the spacecraft is known as photometer with which it discovers ad monitors the lights emitted by the other stars on the Milky Way. The device t hen transmits the dates it discovers to the NASA offices on earth for analysis. The analysis always portrays the periodic dimming of the stars and the possible effects on both the earth and their host stars (International Astronomical Union, Pont, Sasselov, Holman & International Astronomical Union, 2009). The spacecraft observes the movement and activity in the space. In doing this, it observes both the light and sound emitted by the other stars orbiting around other planets on the earth’s Milky Way. Launched in 2009, the spacecraft that is part of the massive NASA’s discovery project had a timeline of three years (Marett-Crosby, 2013). However, the project has encountered several challenges most of which have influenced the rescheduling of the dates and the timeline of the project. Among the preliminary challenges to the project was the noise produced by both the machine and the stars in the space. The two impaired the data collection process thus informing the resch eduling of the dates as the association sought to rectify the anomalies. Additionally, in May 2013, one of the reaction wheels of the spacecraft failed thus resulting in subsequent receives and rescheduling of the dates. Goals Kepler maintains a dedicated observation of the earth’s Milky Way relaying fundamental information about the relationship and activities in the earth’s Milky Way. In doing this, the machine explores the structures and diversities of the earth’s planetary system. The information obtained from such studies help inform the activities and movements of people on earth. Some of the movements on the earth’s Milky Way possess substantial danger and security threat to the Earth. Some of the stars move on the earth’s orbit thus presenting potential security threats. The spacecraft observes the speed and closeness of such moving stars thus obtaining the specific dates of impact among others. The project’s goals include the follow ing: To determine the number of earth size planets lie on the earth’s Milky Way. To determine the sizes, ranges and shapes of the planets To estimate the number of planets on the earth’s habitable zone, in doing this, the spacecraft observes the size, the brightness, mass and density of the planets on the earth’s Milky Way. Dedicated monitoring of the space by Kepler among other scientific mechanisms employed by both the NASA and other scientific bodies globally is important in determining the safety of the earth. Kepler uses photographic lenses in capturing

Modern Art - Avant-Garde, Cubism, Russian Design Essay

Modern Art - Avant-Garde, Cubism, Russian Design - Essay Example The essay "Modern Art - Avant-Garde, Cubism, Russian Design" explores movements and artists of the modern art. The researcher of the paper also analyzes Charles Jencks's opinion about avant-garde. Jencks’ theoretical considerations about art were based on his views on European and American art development. Jencks underlined that a ‘mythical’ modern man required ‘multiple coding’ in art in order to satisfy his aesthetical needs. A concept of â€Å"participatory design† implied that an architect would follow not only his tastes, but also tastes of other people, residents and participants. Jencks claimed that avant-garde potential may blossom in case its revolutionary nature would be embodied not in academies, but on a broader space. The main idea of avant-garde art is a transfer of initial idea of public interests and not only tastes of the artist. The main three stages of avant-garde art are: Cubism, Futurism or Surrealism. Cubism was known for innovations of form; Futurists and Surrealists were focused on a non-traditional reality transfer; a reflection of reality in movement. â€Å"Gardens like cities are whispering games in which the key is to pass on meaning even as it changes.† And â€Å"Design is like a conversation, if you knew the outcome it wouldn’t be worth having†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Thus Charles Jencks was sure that avant-garde art is a perfect chance to embody hidden and unseen aspects of reality. Thus an avant-garde artist should reflect not only his ideas, but also public vision of reality of modernity.

Choice of operating system Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Choice of operating system - Case Study Example Starting with Windows NT Build 1 and Windows 3.1, it has now progressed to Windows Vista Ultimate Edition and Windows NT Build 6. The decision to use and adhere to Microsoft operating systems, whether on the corporate network or individual, non-networked computers, was largely predicated on the fact that the popularity of the product implied that the majority of software manufacturers designed their own products for compatibility with Microsoft. In other words, the decision was not one which was consciously made by the ICT department on the basis of the quality superiority, or cost effectiveness, of the operating systems in question but was imposed upon it by Microsoft's domination of the market. The advent of the Internet and the company's subsequent adoption of e-business and e-commerce tools, not to mention increased office automation and computerization, necessitated the purchase and operation of a mainframe server. Again, choice of mainframe operating systems was determined by the range of third-party products available. Microsoft proved its dominance once again, leading to the adoption of Windows Server 2000. At present, the mainframe OS is Windows Server 2003 R2. At the present time, the company has 56 laptops and PC's running Windows Vista Ultimate Edition, 104 netwo... 3 Evaluation of Windows OS Windows operating systems are hardly the optimal choice for any organization. Tanenbaum (2001) and Tanenbaum and Woodhull (2006) explain that no operating systems have as much security vulnerabilities as do Windows OS's. Security vulnerabilities, a significant problem in themselves, are only complicated by the fact that Microsoft releases far fewer patches than required. Compounded by the widespread popular use of Windows OS's, security is a significant problem as hackers are, seemingly, singularly evoted to compromising systems which run a Windows OS (Tanenbaum, 2001; Tanenbaum and Woodhull, 2006). Not only are Windows operating systems replete with security vulnerabilities but, they are also costly. The implementation of a Windows operating system together with the related security software, costs organizations several thousand dollars, often running into high four or, possibly, five figure sums (Silberschatz et al., 2004). It is, in comparison to Linux OS, extremely costly. Furthermore, consequent to its domination of the market, largely evidenced in the fact that the majority of third-party software is designed for operation in a Windows environment, Microsoft is engaged in the continued increasing of OS prices, rather than their decrease, as per market demand (Silberschatz et al., 2004). The ICT Director confirmed the academic literature findings cited in the preceding, conceding that Windows operating systems were often a security "nightmare" and, in comparison to other OS's, quite costly. Mac OS X and Linux were, in his opinion, much better than Windows. Their security vulnerabilities were

Personality psychology Essay Example for Free

Personality psychology Essay â€Å"We are born at a given moment, in a given place and, like vintage years of wine, we have the qualities of the year and of the season of which we are born. Astrology does not lay claim to anything more† (Carl Gustav Jung). Ever since humans looked toward the sky for some kind of meaning to life and answers to the big questions, astrology has been a part of many people’s lives. It is also known to hold knowledge on one’s personality and character. After reading my Pisces personality profile, I realized that there are similarities and differences between my personality and the profile provided. Aside from the similarities, the profile also consists of traits which are different from my own. I feel that I am a long term planners and I am very decisive about my life goals as opposed to the profile which says that Pisces â€Å"[go] where the wind blows†. I feel that I am a very determined person and example of this is that in grade 8, I had thought about each and every single major step stone in my life. I had decided that I would go into McMasters to study Health Sciences, then go into UFT medical school, complete 3 years of specialization in neurology and after completing my residency, become a neurosurgeon. Saying that I go where the wind blows is an invalid statement. In addition, I do not feel that I have a strong connection with music which again disobeys the profile personality. It says that Pisces â€Å"[are] often channeled into creative outlets,† and have a strong connection in â€Å"music and film†. I feel it very hard to connect to music personally because I feel I have no relations with the topics a singer sings about. Even though certain music can be inspirational and represent an important topic, most of today’s music just seems to be about money, fame and girls. Just yesterday I felt depressed due though personal circumstances and thought music might aid but I personally had no relief. Moreover, I also disagree with the fact that I have â€Å"a feminine nature†. I consider myself being more masculine and bold. In particular, during my summer job when my employer asked me to do something I felt was unsafe, I gallantly spoke out whereas if I had a feminine nature I might have said nothing. As a result I feel that certain elements of this personality profile do not match with mine. In conclusion, there are similarities and differences between my personality and the profile personality provided. Even though it consisted of several traits which I felt resembled me, it also contained traits which I could not relate to. Scientists have always dismissed astrology as a load of old bunk. Now, a British astronomer has said that there might be something in it after all. Could the planets really control our fates? Bibliography Yoga, Lexi. 101 Astrology Quotes. October 2009. Web. 11 September 2010 .

Boyatzis Theory Of Self Directed Learning

Boyatzis Theory Of Self Directed Learning It was proved by Dr. Richard Boyatzis that medicinal and rehabilitative solutions to addictions do not last permanently and why addicts keep coming back to rehab facilities time to time. What this theory has shown is that adults learn what they want to learn. Other things, even if acquired temporarily (i.e., for a test), are soon forgotten. Students, patients and clients may act as if they care about learning something, go through the motions, but they proceed to disregard it or forget it-unless, it is something which they want to learn. Even in situations where aperson is under threat or coercion, a behavioural change shown will typically extinguish or revert to its original form once the threat is removed. This does not include changes induced, willingly or not, by chemical or hormonal changes in ones body. But even in such situations, the interpretation of the changes and behavioural comportment following it will be affected by the persons will, values, and motivations. Self-directed change is an intentional change in an aspect of who you are (i.e., the Real) or who you want to be (i.e., the Ideal), or both. Self-directed learning is self-directed change in which you are aware of the change and understand the process of change. The description and explanation of the self-directed change process is organized in five sections as shown in the figure below. Each section starts with a point of discontinuity.The persons behaviour may seem to be stuck for long periods of time and then a change appears quite suddenly. The First Discontinuity:Catching Your Dreams, Engaging Your Passion Our aspirations, dreams, and desired states are shaped by our values, philosophy, life and career stages, motives, role models, and other factors. This indicates that we can access and engage deep emotional commitment and psychic energy if we engage our passions and conceptually catch our dreams in our Ideal Self-image. The Second Discontinuity: Am I a Boiling Frog? For normal reasons, the human psyche protects itself from the automatic intake and conscious realization of all information about us. These ego-defence mechanisms serve to protect us. The boiling frog syndrome applies here. It is said that if one drops a frog into a pot of boiling water, it will jump out with an instinctive defence mechanism. But if you place a frog in a pot of cool water and gradually increase the temperature, the frog will sit in the water until it is boiled to death. These slow adjustments to changes are acceptable, but the same change made dramatically is not tolerated. Those forgiving the change, frightened of it, or who do not care, may allow it to pass unnoticed. Our relationships and interpersonal context mediate and interpret cues from the environment. They help us interpret what things mean. You ask a friend, Am I getting fat? To which she responds, No, you look great! Whether this is reassuring to the listener or not, it is confusing and may not be providing feedback to the question asked. Of course, if she had said, No, it is just the spread of age or normal effects of gravity you may not have more useful information either. There are four major learning points from the first two discontinuities in the self-directed learning process: Engage your passion and create your dreams; and Know thyself! Identify or articulate both your strengths (those aspects of yourself you want to preserve) and your gaps or discrepancies of your Real and Ideal Selves (those aspects of yourself you want to adapt or change); and Keep your attention on both characteristics forces or factors-do not let one become the preoccupation! All of these learning points can be achieved by finding and using multiple sources for feedback about your Ideal Self, Real Self, Strengths, and Gaps. The Third Discontinuity: Mindfulness Through a Learning Agenda A learning orientation arouses a positive belief in ones capabilityand the hope of improvement. A learning agenda helps a person focus on what they want to become. This results in people setting personal standards of performance, rather than normative standards that merely mimic what others have done. The Fourth Discontinuity: Metamorphosis Acting on the plan and toward the goals involves numerous activities. These are often made in the context of experimenting with new behaviour. Typically following a period of experimentation, the person practices the new behaviours in actual settings within which they wish to use them, such as at work or at home. During this part of the process, self-directed change and learning begins to look like a continuous improvement process. The Fifth Discontinuity: Relationships that Enable Us to Learn Our relationships are an essential part of our environment. The most crucial relationships are often a part of groups that have particular importance to us. These relationships and groups give us a sense of identity, guide us as to what is appropriate and good behavior, and provide feedback on our behavior. In sociology, they are called reference groups. These relationships create a context within which we interpret our progress on desired changes, the utility of new learning, and even contribute significantinput to formulation of the Ideal. In this sense, our relationships are mediators, moderators, interpreters, sources of feedback, sources of support and permission of change and learning! They may also be the most important source of protection from relapses or returning to our earlier forms of behavior. The major learning points from the fourth and fifth discontinuities critical in self-directed learning process are: Experiment and practice and try to learn more from your experiences! Find settings in which you feel psychologically safe within which to experiment and practice! and Develop and use your relationships as part of your change and learning process! The signposts on the path to self-direct learning are: At the end of self-directed learning approach that we followed, we gave each participant to evaluate him/herself on the below 9 outposts to keep track if they are progressing in the right direction. Has the person engaged their passion and dreams? Can they describe the person they want to be, the life and work they want to have in the future? Can they describe their Ideal Self? Does the person know himself or herself? Do they have a sense of their Real Self? Can the person articulate both their strengths (those aspects he/she wants to preserve) and gaps or discrepancies between their Real and Ideal Selves (those aspects he/she wants to adapt or change)? Has the person help their attention on both Strengths and Gaps- not letting one become the preoccupation? Does the person have their own personal learning agenda? IS it really their own? Can the elements of the plan fit into the structure of their life and work? Do the actions fit with their learning style and flexibility? Is the person experimenting and practicing new habits and actions? Is the person using their learning plan to learn more from their experiences? Has the person found settings in which to experiment and practice in which he/she feels psychologically safe? Is the person developing and utilizing his/her relationships as part of their learning process? Do they have coaches, mentors, friends, and others with whomthey can discuss progress on their learning agenda? Do they have relationships with which they can explore each their new behavior, habits, new Ideal Self, new Real Self, new strengths and gaps as the process unfolds? Are they helping others engage in a self-directed learning process? Cognitive behavioural therapy This is a psychotherapeutic approach, a talking therapy that aims to solve problems concerning dysfunctional emotions, behaviors and cognitions through a goal-oriented, systematic procedure. Patterns of Cognitive Distortions All-Or-Nothing Thinking You see things in black-and-white categories. If your performance falls short of perfect, you see yourself as a total failure. Disqualifying the positive You dismiss positive experiences by insisting they dont count for some reason or other. In this way you can maintain a negative belief that is contradicted by your everyday experiences. Magnification (Catastrophizing) or Minimization- You exaggerate the importance of things (such as your goof-up or someone elses achievement), or you inappropriately shrink things until they appear tiny (your own desirable qualities or the other fellows imperfections). This is also called the binocular trick. Should Statements You try to motivate yourself with shoulds and shouldnts, as if you had to be whipped and punished before you could be expected to do anything. Musts and oughts are also offenders. The emotional consequence is guilt. When you direct should statements toward others, you feel anger, frustration, and resentment. Labelling and Mislabelling This is an extreme form of overgeneralization. Instead of describing your error, you attach a negative label to yourself: Im a loser. When someone elses behaviour rubs you the wrong way, you attach a negative label to him: Hes a goddam louse. Mislabelling involves describing an event with language that is highly coloured and emotionally loaded. Personalization You see yourself as the cause of some negative external event which in fact you were not primarily responsible for. Guard against these Perfection Syndrome: Everybody needs to be and wants to be successful in life. Everybody in life wants to make it. However in doing so, we go overboard, stretch the limits of our body and return to the same stress levels that we wanted to overcome in the beginning. Entitlement Syndrome: Those inflicted with Entitlement Syndrome show symptoms of being overly-pampered, completely dependent upon others, frequently whining about trivial matters, full of jealousy and rage, excusing themselves out of doing anything difficult, unable to lose or fail gracefully, and they appear to resemble children in adult bodies. The Entitled consistently throw tantrums when they dont get what they want, especially if what they want belongs to the Responsible-Minded. The Entitled will often sue those who disagree with them, especially if they think it will fund their elaborate lifestyles for a long time.The only remedy for this disease is self-control. And the only source of self-control is their God-given moral conscience, which can often be lost altogether if the Entitled do not purge themselves from their enablers early in life. Dos and Donts Only meditation for first one year become aware of your feelings first and , then, to the inner-most thoughts Do not try to explain or apply any of these things to someone elses life Do not try to read anything about psychology, say, for one year

Human Resource Accounting

Human Resource Accounting First we need to look at any business in a profit motive and of course in a society prosperous kind as well. When we talking about any entity first thing that one can ask is about the output of that firm in terms of production. Resources to that particular organisation provided will have an intention in yielding some kind of output. Human resources in particularly will have a kind of criteria that should only satisfy with their skills and capabilities. Though skills and capabilities are not quite easy to design and anticipate in a desirable context but can draw some equators to expect. In doing this professionals need elaborated information with a measurable set of ends that possibly design the role and responsibilities of individuals in the organisation. When things can measure will evidently get managed. It is always important to set some standards and giving targets to the individuals such will helps in creating organisational structure with more ease and straight. Thus intellectu al capital all set to have advanced significance in valuing the firm value. Where human capital also get place in it. Organisations have got to control over the human resources in order to get more rigid and assist organisation carry further efficiency. Human resource management functions thus got more prominence in evaluating; measuring and managing human resources like any other divisions attain control over their relevant functions. Human Resource Accounting (HRA) is part of function of accounting and Human Resources as well. Much attention laid on human resource accounting in many years ago as research began in the 1960s by Rensis Likert [Bowers, 1973]. The importance which Emperor Akbar gave to the nine jewels (courtiers) is a strong evidence of this in the sixteenth century only. Many critics, researchers, scholars and many others perceived human resource accounting in different ways as a part of financial accounting, management accounting view and as a human resource function. Organisations must estimate the value arising out of employees then only it will make advantage to the stakeholders in terms of financial and managerial perspectives. Having a same kind of resources in terms of technology, tangible assets and even in number of human resources will still makes lot of difference between one to another. The bridge among the difference would be skills and capabilities of human resources. With the same technology, a solid human resource team makes all the difference [Archel, 1995]. Human resource accounting involves assigning; budgeting, measuring costs expend on (employees) human resources while recruit, select, hire, train and develop employees and judge their economic value to the organisation. Human resource accounting is an effort to recognize and report investments made on the human resources of an organisation which are not currently accounted under conventional accounting practice. In essence, it acts like an information system that advice the management what changes took place overtime to the human resources of the business, and cost and value of the human factor in particular organisation. The process may well furnish both the internal and external users; strengthen human resource management function (internal users) providing with relevant data which supports recruiting, training and other development decisions in and supplying investors, lenders and other external users of financial statement make presented information as to the investment in and utilisation of human resources in the organisation. Enhance the skills and capabilities of employees, setting some standards and to schedule the training and development programs by this practice. Exhibiting comprehensible strength of the organisation by exploring more information about potentialities of the organisation and to overcome the missing scarce of balance sheet for the investors by means of providing necessary adequate information. â€Å"Human Resource Accounting is mainly an information system that informs management what changes are occurring over time to the human resources of the business. HRA also involves a ccounting forinvestmentin people and their replacement costs, and also the economic value of people in an organization,† says P K Gupta, the director of strategic development-intercontinental operations, of Legato Systems India. HRA is primarily an information system, which update the management about the changes that are taking place in the human resource of an organisation. It is the art of valuing, recording and presenting methodically about the human resources in the books of accounts of an organisation. Definition: â€Å"Human Resource Accounting is the process of identifying and measuring data about human resources and communicating this information to interested parties.† American Accounting Society Committee on HRA â€Å"Human resource accounting is the measurement of the cost and value of the people for the organisation.† Eric Flamholtz of university of California, Los Angeles IT, hospital, sports club, research oriented and many organisations mostly depends on human capital rather physical capital. When we have a look at service oriented organisations which are creating more wealth to the society typically have greater significance to the human resources as the value of the knowledge and skills of its personnel more than that of physical assets of the organisation. Should HR accounting be rejuvenated at the present time? The answer lies in the level of consensus which presently exists about the crucial role that employee plays in all organisations (1992: 312).Most of the works on HRA focused primarily on validation and development of accounting the human resources. The treatment of human resource capital in final accounts and also on methodologies approaching in computing HRA and there are some researchers like Robinson (2009) questioning about the need of HRA. Though this study may/could not provide answers to these questions but can make a sense about HRA prevalence India and how they are handling in the books of accounts. However, in order to assess the value of the human capital, method of quantifying the significance of the knowledge, skills, capabilities and contribution of the human element as well as that of the organizational processes, like recruitment, selection, training etc., which are used to form and carry these human aspects, is developed. No particular HR accounting model is accepted by the accounting bodies all over the world. However, many organisations in India using the application ofLev Schwartz modelin both public and private sectors as well. Models for measurement of knowledge capital in monetary terms:- Cost modelsare based on the acquisition cost, including replacement and training costs and opportunity cost of human asset. The supporters of this model are Burmment, Flamholtz and Pyle. TheLev Schwartz model, more monetary-centric, is based on the likely future earnings of an employee till his retirement. Methods for Valuation: Historical Cost Method This method was proposed by Brummet to measure a firms investment in human resources. The current scarifies for obtaining future benefits is the cost of human resource. The method suggests capitalizing the firms expenditure on recruitment, selection, training and development of employees and treats them as assets for the purpose of human resource accounting. Capitalization of costs is contrary to traditional accounting norms and does not reflect value. Moreover the accumulated costs of human resource acquisition and development may not reflect its proper worth. Instead of this, the total performance needs should be assessed in relation to the total cost associated with human resource to reflect their value. Replacement Cost Method This method involves assessment of replacement cost of individuals, and rebuilding cost of the organization to reflect human resourceasset value of both the individuals and the organization. However, the replacement cost may not reflect either the actual costs or the contribution associated with human resource. Opportunity Cost Method According to this method the computation of monetary value and allocation of people to the most promising activity and thereby to assess the opportunity costs of key employees through competitive bidding among investment centers. Behavioural Method In this method a set of casual variables through psycho-social test results reflecting the appreciating or depreciating condition of human organization as reflected by a set of intervening variables, which in turn, are likely to result in the achievement of the end result variables. The investment in human resource value has been proposed to be amortized over the years in tune with the condition of the human organization. Economic Method Lev Schwartz advocated the estimation of future earnings during the remaining life of the employee and then arriving at the present value by discounting the estimated earnings at the employees cost of capital. The formula adopted for computation of the present value of the future earnings in an extension to the formula propounded by Lev Schwartz. Flamhlotz value human resource on the basis of the roles which the employees are to perform. The method also considers the present value of the future services at different service states and takes into consideration the migration of an employee from one service state to the other. However, the estimates of the employees occupying different service states in his career in the organization can be highly probabilistic and unreliable. Harmonson advocated the human resource value as the present value of the future wages payable for the next five years discounted at the adjusted rate of return. The adjusted rate of return is the average rate of return on the owned assets of all firms in the economy multiplied by efficiency ratio of the organization. This method attempts to bring into question the effectiveness of return on investment of the industry on the assumption that there are no extraneous factors and that the results were due to efforts of the employees. Each model has its own negatives and positive when it comes to practical application. In an Indian context, the Lev Schwartz model has an edge over the other models. Since the method has been widely adopted by Indian companies such as Infosys, DSQ Software Ltd., Satyam Computers, BHEL and SPIC, it enables the company to benchmark the performance and efficiency of their human resources with others. The assumptions in this model are realistic and scientific. The method has practical applicability when availability of quantifiable and analyzable data is concerned. Organisations which are undertaking this HRA process in India and some other global companies as well are as follows: Bharat Heavy Electrical Limited, India Infosys Technologies, India Reliance Industries, India NIIT Limited, India HCL Technologies, India Cadence Systems, India Legato Systems, India SBI, India Novo Nordisk, Denmark Frederiksborg County, Denmark Skandia, Sweden Environmental Protection Agency, Denmark The Body Shop, London, UK Xerox Mitsubishi Whitbread Ford Motors Esso And the some human resource accounting softwares: ADP, Kronos, Ceredian, Lawson, TempWare, Empact, SAP, UltiPro, Stromberg. [SOURCE : secondary] Interesting points to come across in this study are; o Book representation of HRA o Methodologies to adopt in computing HRA o The present importance given to HRA in different countries, organisations and in perspective of many scholars, researchers. o Is HRA more advantage in accounting perspective or HR perspective? And the belief of people involved in it through some sort of interviewing the professionals. o More focus on Infosys and BHEL where two organisations has different mode of industries. o And the value of HRA in recession timings.

Oppression in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou :: I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings

Oppression in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest and I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou In the process of compiling the literary works I intended to include in this project, I began to notice a common thread that connected the works of fiction, non-fiction and poetry that I generally choose to read. That common tie that binds these books together is that they all seem to center, in one form or another, around the theme of oppression. Perhaps this is because I have some deep psychological need to diffuse the power struggles I experience within myself by gleaning insight from the pages of someone else’s experience. Or, perhaps it is merely because I have a predisposition to â€Å"root for the underdog†. Regardless of the reason, be it simple or complex, almost everything I read seems to engage a â€Å"David and Goliath† scenario. Take for example, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey. There is no doubt in my mind that the mental institution that comprises the primary setting of the narrative is intended as a metaphor of societal oppression. This symbolic novel relays the story of an inmate standing up against the powerful forces that operate a psychiatric hospital, but it represents much more than just a classic case of â€Å"man versus the establishment†. The questions raised by Kesey are almost as chilling as his descriptive tales of inmate abuse. Kesey compelled me to ponder just how thin the line is that separates insanity from sanity, and treatment from control. Representing a heroic struggle of personality against an institution of mindless conformity, I found â€Å"One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest† to be one powerful piece of literature. Similarly, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings by Maya Angelou, which I first read the summer after I graduated high school, is a tale of oppression that translates into a deeply moving novel chronicling the ups and downs of a black family in the 1930’s and 1940’s. A myriad of historical and social issues are addressed, including race relations in the pre-civil rights south, segregated schools, sexual abuse, patriotism and religion. Autobiographical in nature, this tumultuous story centers around Marguerite Johnson, affectionately called "Maya", and her coast-to-coast life experiences. From the simple, backwards town of Stamps, Arkansas to the high-energy city life of San Francisco and St. Louis, Maya is assaulted by prejudice in almost every nook and cranny of society, until she finally learns to overcome her insecurities and be proud of who she is.

Essay on the Oppression of Ophelia in Hamlet -- Essays on Shakespeare H

Male Oppression of Ophelia in Hamlet  Ã‚   In The Tragedy of Hamlet, Shakespeare developed the story of prince Hamlet, and the murder of his father by the king's brother, Claudius. Hamlet reacted to this event with an internal battle that harmed everyone around him. Ophelia was the character most greatly impacted by Hamlet's feigned and real madness - she first lost her father, her sanity, and then her life. Ophelia, obedient, weak-willed, and no feminist role model, deserves the most pity of any character in the play.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the play opened, Hamlet and Ophelia appeared as lovers experiencing a time of turbulence. Hamlet had just returned home from his schooling in Saxony to find that his mother had quickly remarried her dead husband's brother, and this gravely upset him. Hamlet was sincerely devoted to the idea of bloodline loyalty and sought revenge upon learning that Claudius had killed his father. Ophelia, though it seems her relationship with Hamlet is in either the developmental stage or the finalizing stage, became the prime choice as a lure for Hamlet. Laertes inadvertently opened Ophelia up to this role when he spoke with Ophelia about Hamlet before leaving for France. He allowed Polonius to find out about Hamlet's courtship of Ophelia, which led to Polonius' misguided attempts at taking care of Ophelia and obeying the king's command to find the root of Hamlet's problems. Ophelia, placed in the middle against her wishes, obeyed her father and brother 's commands with little disagreement. The only time she argued was when Laertes advised her against making decisions incompatible with the expectations of Elizabethan women. Ophelia tells him, in her boldest lines of the play:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "But, my good brother, ... ...She had lost her father and her lover while her brother was away for school, and she was no longer useful as a puppet in a greater scheme. Ophelia was displaced, an Elizabethan woman without the men on whom she had been taught to depend. Therein lies the problem - she lacked independence so much that she could not continue living without Polonius, Laertes, and Hamlet. Ophelia's aloneness led to her insanity and death. The form of her death was the only fitting end for her - she drowned in a nearby river, falling beneath the gentle waters. She finally found peace in her mad world. That is how Ophelia is so useful as a classic feminist study - she evokes imagery of the fragile beauty women are expected to become, but shows what happens to women when they submit as such. Works Cited: Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Ed. David Bevington. New York: Longman, 1997.

Teen Smoking :: essays research papers

Teen Smoking Due to peer pressure, propaganda and availability, teenage smoking has been on the rise since 1986. Three thousand children start using tobacco each day because of the negative influences aimed toward them. Our President and the American Medical Association have taken action and have urged tobacco companies to do the same against under age smoking. Despite all positive actions against it, "pack-a-day" smoking has risen thirty-three Percent in the past ten years among high school seniors. Throughout life children and adults are being persuaded to do or try something that goes against what they believe. Peer pressure is common place in grade school, where children are constantly being exposed to smoking. Cigarettes are being smoked everywhere authority is not, during school or any other place kids congregate. Kids smoke because they want to feel like they 'fit in' and they want to rebel at the same time. "U.S. News discussed the smoking issue with twenty teenagers from suburban Baltimore. Half were boys, half girls, and all were between the ages of fifteen and seventeen. Over more than four hours of conversation, it became clear that most teens smoked for two seemingly contradictory reasons: They want to be part of a peer group, while rejecting society and its norms. They want to reach out and rebel at the same time."(Roberts 38) Tobacco companies spend four billion dollars each year in advertising and promotional costs and claim there is no health risk. Six hundred thousand people die every year from smoking related illness, and others quit. Teenagers are not concerned about their health. The tobacco industry tries to appeal to the youth. The earlier kids get hooked, the more secure the companies' sales are. "For the tobacco industry, these youngsters are an essential source of new customers. While cigarette makers deny it, advertising and promotion of youthful smoking clearly helped attract the attention of teens. The rate of youthful smoking dropped steadily from 1976 until 1984, then leveled off--just as cigarette companies boosted promotional budgets."(Roberts 38) Availability of cigarettes for minors is easier than one might think. Children have access to tobacco products many ways. They could steal them from their parent or relative, and from a store. Their family might also give them cigarettes, and the child smokes them with their friends. Kids can purchase smokes from an unguarded vending machine or gas station with ease. If that does not work they can ask someone old enough to buy packs for them. Although, it is just as easy to walk into any store and ask for them. Convenience stores are constantly getting fined for the underage sale of tobacco. Teen Smoking :: essays research papers Teen Smoking Due to peer pressure, propaganda and availability, teenage smoking has been on the rise since 1986. Three thousand children start using tobacco each day because of the negative influences aimed toward them. Our President and the American Medical Association have taken action and have urged tobacco companies to do the same against under age smoking. Despite all positive actions against it, "pack-a-day" smoking has risen thirty-three Percent in the past ten years among high school seniors. Throughout life children and adults are being persuaded to do or try something that goes against what they believe. Peer pressure is common place in grade school, where children are constantly being exposed to smoking. Cigarettes are being smoked everywhere authority is not, during school or any other place kids congregate. Kids smoke because they want to feel like they 'fit in' and they want to rebel at the same time. "U.S. News discussed the smoking issue with twenty teenagers from suburban Baltimore. Half were boys, half girls, and all were between the ages of fifteen and seventeen. Over more than four hours of conversation, it became clear that most teens smoked for two seemingly contradictory reasons: They want to be part of a peer group, while rejecting society and its norms. They want to reach out and rebel at the same time."(Roberts 38) Tobacco companies spend four billion dollars each year in advertising and promotional costs and claim there is no health risk. Six hundred thousand people die every year from smoking related illness, and others quit. Teenagers are not concerned about their health. The tobacco industry tries to appeal to the youth. The earlier kids get hooked, the more secure the companies' sales are. "For the tobacco industry, these youngsters are an essential source of new customers. While cigarette makers deny it, advertising and promotion of youthful smoking clearly helped attract the attention of teens. The rate of youthful smoking dropped steadily from 1976 until 1984, then leveled off--just as cigarette companies boosted promotional budgets."(Roberts 38) Availability of cigarettes for minors is easier than one might think. Children have access to tobacco products many ways. They could steal them from their parent or relative, and from a store. Their family might also give them cigarettes, and the child smokes them with their friends. Kids can purchase smokes from an unguarded vending machine or gas station with ease. If that does not work they can ask someone old enough to buy packs for them. Although, it is just as easy to walk into any store and ask for them. Convenience stores are constantly getting fined for the underage sale of tobacco.

Unit 1, the Business Environment, P1

FedEx FedEx Corporation is an American global courier delivery service. It operates under a public limited ownership as a tertiary business. A public limited company (PLC) means it is able to offer shares to the public. The owners of these PLC’s are the main shareholders. A tertiary business is one that provides a service to other business or individuals. Federal Express (later known as FedEx) was established in 1973. Ten years later, the company reaches $1bn in revenue – the first US business to achieve this status without merger or acquisition. Services extend to Europe and the Middle East by the end of 1989.Between 1991 and 1999 FedEx launches: Express Freighter ® to provide overnight delivery to Europe and Asia, FedEx Ship Manager ® – first company to allow customers to process shipments online and FedEx EuroOne ®, opening a new hub in Paris. In 2000, FedEx became known as â€Å"FedEx Corporation†. Services are divided into different companies th at operate independently yet compete collectively. During 2008, FedEx Corp ranks ninth in the business superbrands list. In 2010, the company opened a brand new hub in Cologne airport, the largest solar powered hub worldwide. FedEx Corporation’s revenue during 2011 was in excess of $39. 3bn.FedEx has one main key activity and that is to deliver goods around the world. FedEx express is an overnight courier, providing next day air service. FedEx Ground provides a door-to-door delivery service. FedEx Freight provides a service which carries large amounts of freight to destinations where it is then transported by FedEx Ground. FedEx Office provides a retail outlet for shipping, printing, copying and binding services. During an average day various departments within FedEx Corp work together to ensure a excellent service is delivered to customers. The marketing department works very hard to ensure people know about them.They especially target small businesses that are in need of pr ofessional connections at far off places. They also target embassies and governmental institutions – although their main customers are businesses/governments they welcome anyone who is in need of a shipping service. Marketing wants FedEx to be the fastest of courier delivery companies, and so advertises this to entice customers – but it has to make sure that this is being met by the various departments within the company. The many distribution centres around the world deal with goods the customers want.Here they are delivered from the manufacturers, processed, packaged and then sent on the correct freight vehicle or freight plane. Once this first journey has been completed, the goods will reach a hub, where it is then sorted and moved onto smaller delivery vehicles that deliver to a specific area. Once the package is received, the customer signs and it is stored electronically so FedEx knows they have delivered the package. The company’s website hosts an electro nic tracking system where customers can enter a code and track the exact location of their goods and the contents of their goods.Also on their website they promote themselves through marketing. FedEx Corp is a growing company and regularly recruits new employees – this is met by the human resources department at various centres around the world – they recruit a whole range of staff from pilots to delivery vehicle drivers. Along with this their equipment whether it be plane of van/lorry needs maintaining and repairing, so FedEx have their own maintenance department. The whole purpose of this is to make a profit so FedEx Corp can expand and continue to deliver an excellent, on-time service. Aldi Aldi Ltd is a global discount supermarket chain.It operates under a private limited ownership as a secondary and tertiary business. A private limited company means it is owned by individuals or shareholders with profit as the major driving force. A secondary business produces goo ds, for example Aldi own-brand orange juice is produced by a subsidiary company for Aldi. This is then delivered to Aldi and sold to customers. This is a tertiary business – a business which sells the finished product. Aldi first store was opened in 1913, and was a quite popular p[lace to shop in the German town of Essen. During the 40s an expansion program was created and more stores were opened.A celebration was held in 1954 for the opening of the 50th store. By 1960 Aldi had grown to a network of over 300 stores; Aldi was then divided into Aldi Nord and Aldi Sud. In the 1960s, Aldi became the first company in Germany to adopt the self-service concept. During 1983, Aldi started chilled distribution depots and sol fresh products such as cheese, yoghurt and sausages. Frozen products came in 1998 and were closely followed by fresh meat. Today, Aldi is a rapidly growing company with more than 9,000 stores across 3 continents, serving millions of people. Aldi has many day-to-day activities.Aldi spend a lot of money on marketing to let customers know of the quality products for low prices. During 2011 more than 1 million customers switched from their usual British supermarket to their German rival due to the low-cost products – this was mainly achieved by marketing. In the UK, TV adverts were introduced to inform customers of their products. Each week a brochure is produced informing of the deals to come the following week. There are various distribution centres around countries which Aldi operate in. Aldi has a â€Å"delivered fresh everyday policy†, and each day lorry loads of new goods are delivered to each store around the globe.Aldi have a small website which gives customers information of latest product deals and upcoming â€Å"special buys†. Aldi have their own mobile app giving similar information as their website. Aldi do not regularly recruit main workers – it is their norm to have least workers. When workers are recrui ted the HR department would take care of this. Cleaners are employed by Aldi to take care of their stores after closing time. Aldi’s purpose is to provide a low-cost quality product service in the form of a supermarket. The main aim is to make profit.

Mr Birling and Sheila Essay

The play is about a middle to upper-class family, the Birlings, who lived in a town called Brumley. Its is based on a girl, Eva, who had commit suicide by drinking disinfectant. An Inspector who goes by the name of â€Å"Inspector Goole† had come to the Birlings house to investigate why Eva had committed suicide. It turns out that none of the members of the Birling family had committed a real crime but they had all driven her to suicide in some way. The moral of the play is to judge their consciences and there by our consciences to make us work together as â€Å"members of one body. † Two characters represent the historical context are Mr Birling and Sheila. At the end of the play they show opposite poles of society. Mr Birling represents the older generation that has held on to values of years and years back. Mr Birling is an ex-mayor, father of the family, a factory owner and he’s earned a knight hood. Sheila is Mr Birling’s daughter. She is also pompous. Sheila represents the innocent one in society and the future and present generation. At the beginning of the play the Birlings all appear like Mr Birling in there believes that they should all be individuals and not care about the rest of the community. This was because they were an upper class family. Mr Birling and Sheila portray the political theme of community and the individual. Priestly believes that we need to be responsible so that we can look after each other, we will not survive as individuals if we don’t work together. Priestly voices his opinions through the character of the Inspector. † But just remember this. One Eva Smith has gone – but there are millions and millions and millions of Eva Smiths and John Smiths still left with us. † This represents the moral of the play. Mr Birling and Sheila abuse the power, this causing Eva’s death. Mr Birling has power over Eva and when he thinks that Eva does not respect him and asks for a raise he uses his power to sack Eva. Sheila also uses her power to get Eva dismissed from Millwards. Because she is rich and spends a lot of money at the shop the managers respect her. If she is not happy there she won’t shop there and the company shall lose a lot of money. So because of Eva not making Sheila feel welcome at Millwards Sheila is unhappy. She then tells the manager that she shall no longer be shopping there unless Eva is dismissed. With that Eva gets dismissed because the company can’t afford to lose the Birlings. Mr Birling represents the older generation, showing us that society at the time was divided into different social classes, the upper, the middle, and the lower class. The upper class had no respect for the lower class and this shows during the play. When speaking about Eva trying to negotiate a higher wage for herself, Mr Birling says, â€Å"I’m talking as a hard headed practical man of business. † This is evidence that Mr Birling has no respect and feelings for the lower class, as he doesn’t care whether Eva has a larger income or not. Mr Birling is only concerned about keeping the wage bill as small as possible. That quote also shows the pompous side of him.

Guyana Defence Force in National Development

THE GUYANA DEFENCE FORCE IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT: CIVILIAN-MILITARY RELATIONS – SOME PERSPECTIVES The case for the Guyana Defence Force to be involved in national development is enshrine in the birth of the Force and it is articulated as the third part of the Force’s tripartite role: 1. â€Å"Defend the  territorial integrity  of Guyana. 2. Assist the civil power in the maintenance of law and order when required to do so. 3. Contribute to the economic development of Guyana. †[1] The question then has to be, how will the Force be most effective in fulfilling this role. This essay contends that good civil-military relations with government and non-government organisations are critical to the successful fulfilment of this role. To demonstrate the relationship between successful national development activities and good civil-military relations, I will examine areas of development the Force can be most effective and show that the level of effectiveness will be driven by the quality civil-military relations in the said area. What then are the areas of development that the Guyana Defence Force can be most effective? The following areas of development were selected because the military role and level of success is easily measureable: 1. Engineering – infrastructural work; road construction, housing projects for low income earners, etc. 2. Health services – medical outreaches; military doctors, dentists providing service in hinterland areas, etc. 3. Education – military personnel both soldiers and civilians are employed as teachers in hinterland areas where there are limited schools, etc. 4. Economic – military personnel being employed on economic projects; such as the establishment of micro-industries, for example, farming. . Administrative – Officers are seconded to administrative positions in government agencies and even the other Services of the Joint Services. 6. Aviation – Augmenting the transportation of people and goods to the hinterland regions. Throughout most of its history the Force has been involved in national development by way of executing engineering projects particularly in the areas of hinterland roads and bridges construction. Also, the construction of low cost housing and airstrip rehabilitation are other areas where the Force participated in engineering works. This commitment to national development by way of executing engineering projects was highlighted in â€Å"Guyana’s Draft Second Development Plan, 1972-1976 which assigned specific responsibilities, to the Engineer Corps, for the construction of hinterland roads and bridges, the upgrading of airstrips and projects such as the rehabilitation of the hydro-electric power station at Tumatumari†[2] The success of the Force involvement in these ventures is commendable, however, the Force was unable to remain committed to such ventures as a single source agency as time progress. This was due to lack of resources; both human and mainly material. Therefore, one can argue that a civil-military relation framework by way of partnership with a government or non-government would have enhanced the Force’s longevity in its commitment to such ventures. This was not lost to the Force administration and is exemplified in the Force’s most recent commitment to engineering projects as detailed in the Stabroek News. â€Å"Five ranks of the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) received keys to new homes at Tuschen Housing Scheme, East Bank Essequibo last week as part of a an ongoing partnership between Habitat for Humanity Guyana; the Ministry of Housing and the army to assist ranks with affordable housing. [3] Noteworthy is the commitment of government or non-government organisations to have such partnerships with the Force in this sector, as detailed in the same article, â€Å"Chairman of the Management Board at Habit for Humanity, Alex Graham remarked that the GDF has the capacity to play an integral role in various aspects of the housing response while pointing out that the army can also help in the building of homes for persons outside the GDF family. †[4] This demonstrates that there is clear recognition by non-government agencies that good civil-military relations are beneficial to both parties. Further the Force will not be required to singlehandedly seek out and forge these partnership. The Force has a rich history of providing medical services to rural and hinterland villages as part of its medical outreaches. The Force has been impressive in its support to national development in this sector by providing free medical and dental care to thousands of Guyanese. This is not surprising since common to most underdeveloped countries is the lack of capacity to provide quality medical services as you move away from the cities and main towns. This is the case in Guyana and its exasperated by our demographics, terrain in hinterland areas and the lack of adequate transportation facilities to hinterland and rural areas. The support by the Force in this sector has continued throughout its existence and remains source of kudos as highlighted in the following excerpt from Stabroek News. â€Å"Close to 200 Upper Berbice River residents benefited from dental and general medical care when a team from the Guyana Defence Force (GDF) Medical Corps hosted an outreach exercise there recently. According to the army, residents said they were grateful for the exercise and expressed the desire for a doctor to visit at least once per year. †[5] The quality and level of success gained in this sector can be improved with better civil-military relations with government and non-government organisation. Similar sentiments in regards to the value of these relations were expressed by the Chief of Staff in his 2011 Command Directive. â€Å"In 2011, I plan to establish statecraft partnerships with the Ministries of Education and Health. †[6] The use of military personnel to augment the efforts of the Ministry of Education to provide education at any level and in any area of the country has not been a feature of the Force for any substantive period. Notwithstanding this, one can argue that the efforts by the Force to educate its ranks directly impacts on national development. Since when members of the Force return to civilian life their level of technical and vocational education will have a direct impact on how they are integrated to the countries labour force. Therefore the Force commitment to educating its ranks underscores its efforts to national development in this sector. However, the efforts of the Force to educate its ranks have had its own challenges. The main challenge was the ability of the Force to establish a system that linked educational development with the evolution of soldier’s careers. â€Å"As part of their promotion standards, soldiers are required to attain specified levels of academic education but these standards had to be waived since no formal means existed for upgrading soldiers’ education. † [7] The importance of good civil-military relations to enhance the Force performance in this sector has been underscored by the recent efforts by the Force in launching of its Academic Education Programme. 8] This coupled with the Career Development Plan[9] and the advent of â€Å"promotion examinations for promotion up to the rank of major†[10], underscores a recognition by the Force that civilian input and to an extent civilian oversight is critical to success in this sector. Also, the aforementioned planned stat ecraft partnership with the Ministry of Education and the fact that Force Education Department is staffed primarily by civilian teachers, establishes the importance of good civil-military relation for the strengthening of the Force’s capacity in this sector. The Force direct involvement in economic activity in support of national development is demonstrated with its involvement in agriculture. The Force Agriculture Corps has the mandate to produce mainly poultry, pork and eggs to augment the Force’s ration requirements. Throughout its history from since the establishment of Agriculture Corps the Force had measured success in this sector. This success is termed measured since in Guyana’s Draft Second Development Plan, 1972-1976, the Force â€Å"was tasked with the development of farms at Onverwagt in Berbice, Butenabu in Mahaicony, Vergenoegen in the Essequibo, and at Garden of Eden in Dememerara. [11] However, presently the Force only has one farm at Garden of Eden in Dememerara. Hence, after existing in excess of three decades the Force Agriculture Corps has not achieved the capacity to provide the Force with its ration requirements of meat, eggs and vegetables. The lack of fulfilment of its potential in this sector can b e attributed to the lack resources; both human and material. The Force performance in this sector can improve via partnerships with government and non-government organisations. The establishment of such civil-military relations will impact positively on the Force performance in this sector. To this end the Force continues to pursue such partnership as demonstrated with the Force involvement in â€Å"the national pig-breeding programme, a joint effort between the Ministry of Agriculture and the Guyana Defence Force†[12]. The Force at various period of its existence seconded mainly officers and in a few cases other ranks to government and non-government organisation. Officers were primarily seconded to administrative positions in government agencies and even the other Services of the Joint Services. This practice helped in National Development by making managerial and administrative skills readily available to beneficiary government agency. The Force involvement in this sector illustrates the value of good civil-military relations both to the Force and the Nation. This is underscore by the fact that military officers have attained high ranking appointments, namely permanent secretary and currently Accountant General at the Ministry of Finance. The Force since its early days of existence played a pivotal in aviation in Guyana. The Force helped in the pioneering efforts in aviation in Guyana. Aviation is arguably the first area where the value of good civil-military relations and the capacity of the Force to positively impact on National Development were demonstrated. [13] However, as the civilian capacity developed in this sector the Force was seen has having a negative impact in the commercial viability of this sector. I am of the view that the deterioration of civil-military relations in this sector helped in fostering this perception of the Force. There remain numerous areas in this sector where the Force, the private sector, and government and non-government organisations can benefit from good relations. No one entity can satisfy the commercial, security and safety requirements for aviation support in Guyana. The wide expanse of hinterland settlements, the limited aircraft and technically trained personnel suggests that there is room for all stake holders to make a positive impact in this sector. The Guyana Defence Force recognises and accepts it has a role to play in National Development. This is exemplified in the many initiatives and projects the Force has been involved throughout its existence primarily in Engineering, Health Services, Education, Economic, Administrative and Aviation Sectors. The question of how the Force will be most effective in fulfilling its role of contributing to National Development has been answered. The Force must embrace partnership with government and non-government agencies in those sectors where we are poised to make an impact on National Development. This pursuit and ultimate realisation of good civil-military relations will enhance the Force capacity to contribute to national development activities. REFERENCES Best G. A. R. (2010) Career Development Plan Guyana Defence Force. Guyana Defence Force Best G. A. R (2011) Chief of Staff Command Directive. Guyana Defence Force Granger D. A. (1975) The new road. Guyana Defence Force. Granger D. A. (2005) A brief history of the Guyana Defence Force. Free Press. Huntington, S. (1957). The soldier and the state: theory and practice of civil-military relations. Cambridge, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. Johnson, J. (1981). The role of the military in underdeveloped countries. New Jersey, Princeton University. Greenwood Press Reprint . Lehmann, D. (1979). Democracy and development in Latin America: Economics, politics and religion in the post-war period. Temple University Press. Smith, K. A. and Welch, E. C. (1974). Military role and rule. Massachusetts, Duxbury Press,. Tachau, F. (1974). The developing nations (What paths to modernization? ). New York, Dodd, Mead and Co. Thompson W. S. (1983). The third world: Premises of U. S policy. San Francisco: JOS Press. ———————– [1] Granger D. A The New Road A Short History of The Guyana Defence Force – 1966 -1976, 1975 pg 47. [2] Granger D. A A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force, 2005 pg75. [3] Stabroek News Sunday, June 15, 2008. 4] Stabroek News Sunday, June 15, 2008. [5] Stabroek News Tuesday, August 17, 2010. [6] Best G. A. R Chief of Staff Command Directive 2011, pg 22. [7] [8] Stabroek News Saturday, April 10, 2010. [9] Best G. A. R Career Development Plan Guyana Defence Force, 2010 pg17. [10] Best G. A. R Chief of Staff Command Directive 2011, pg 39. [11] Granger D. A A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force, 200 5 pg74. [12] http://www. gina. gov. gy/archive/daily/b080407. html 2011-10-30. [13] See Granger D. A A Brief History of the Guyana Defence Force, 2005 pg75.