Portrayal Of Women In Ben Jonsons Volpone Essay - 1074 Words

Women for centuries have fought against a male dominated society in order to achieve a more equal standing. This same society and its stereotypes of women have proven to be a hindrance to accomplishing this lofty goal. These stereotypes prevailed in renaissance England and flourished in many of the female characters in the literature. Ben Jonsons classic comedy, Volpone, surely falls into this category. The portrayal of Celia and Lady Would-Be in Volpone reflects the misperceptions and low status of women in Renaissance England. Celia reveals herself initially, however briefly, in Act II, Scene II. She does not speak but simply observes Volpone from her window, dropping her handkerchief to show her interest. This scene of Volpone down†¦show more content†¦Although on the surface, this may seem as a term of affection, Celia transforms from a cherished wife to an object to be bargained. Because Celia plays the weak, lowly victim and allows Corvino to rule her domain, she ultim ately is responsible for being played like a pawn in a chess game. However, even in a chess game there is the Queen. Here only male figures make the rules. Celia finally appears to stand up for herself in Act III, Scene VI, when she protests Corvino prostituting her out to Volpone in order to gain his riches. With this most sincere of insults, Corvino brings to the surface his wifes true insecurities. For although Celia pleads with Corvino to not allow this to happen, her defense lies in Corvino again locking her away. She implores, Sir, let me beseech you, [a]ffect not these strange trials; if you doubt [m]y chastity, why, lock me up forever; [m]ake me the heir of darkness. Let me live [w]here I may please your fears, if not your trust. Celia does not possess the strength to stand up and defend herself against Corvinos mistreatment. Her only choices seem to be becoming a concubine to Volpone or a prisoner from the world, both at the hands of her husband. The thought of an option controlled by her never comes to Celias feeble mind. She can only hope for a noble knight to come and rescue her from this dire situation. Luckily for Celia, one exists. Just asShow MoreRelatedPortrayal of Women in Jonsons Volpone Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesThe Portrayal of Women in Jonsons Volpone Women for centuries have fought against a male dominated society in order to achieve a more equal standing. This same society and its stereotypes of women have proven to be a hindrance to accomplishing this lofty goal. These stereotypes prevailed in renaissance England and flourished in many of the female characters in the literature. Ben Jonsons classic comedy, Volpone, surely falls into this category. The portrayal of Celia and Lady Would-Be in VolponeRead MorePost-Shakespearean Dramatists and declining of drama during post-Shakespeare period2502 Words   |  11 Pagesto fill his place. Just as Chaucer’s successors failed to maintain the greatness of Chaucer, Shakespeare’s successor had little of the genius of Shakespeare. In the hands of his successors comedy became eccentric and tragedy lost its epic grandeur. Ben Jonson failed in the field of tragedy. 2 5) Exhaustion of Creative Spirit – Shakespeare in spite of borrowing his material from different sources had the creative imagination, and in his hands the borrowed material ‘suffered a sea-change into something

Essay about Obsession in Araby of James Joyces Dubliners

Obsession in Araby In James Joyce’s short story Araby, the main character is a young boy who confuses obsession with love. This boy thinks he is in love with a young girl, but all of his thoughts, ideas, and actions show that he is merely obsessed. Throughout this short story, there are many examples that show the boy’s obsession for the girl. There is also evidence that shows the boy does not really understand love or all of the feelings that go along with it. When the boy first describes the girl, you can see his obsession for her. He seems to notice every detail such as her dress swung as she moved her body and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side (Joyce 548). You do not usually remember every minute†¦show more content†¦This shows that the boy always watches where she is going, and then goes out of his way to get physically closer to her. In this example, you can plainly see that the boy’s actions are being controlled by his obsession for the girl, and not by some great love he has for her. Another example, that shows the boy’s obsession for the young girl, comes after the two of them have a brief conversation. In the conversation, the young girl asks the young boy if he is going to Araby (Joyce 548), and then the girl states that it would be a splendid bazaar, she would love to go (Joyce 549), but she is already obligated to something else. Finally, the young boy says, If I go, I will bring you something (Joyce 549). After the boy speaks to the girl, he finds it hard to concentrate on anything except for her. This is how the boy describes what he is feeling just after his brief conversation with the young girl: What innumerable follies laid waste my waking and sleeping thoughts after that evening! d to annihilate the tedious intervening days. I chafed against the work of school. At night in my bedroom and by day in the classroom her image came between me and the page I strove to read. The syllables of the word Araby were called to me through the silence in which my soul luxuriated and cast an Eastern enchantment over me. (Joyce 549) In this excerpt, you can plainly see that the boy thinks he is in love with the girl, but inShow MoreRelated Comparing Updikes AP and Joyces Araby Essay1336 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Updikes A P and Joyces Araby  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Updikes A P and James Joyces Araby share many of the same literary traits. The primary focus of the two stories revolves around a young man who is compelled to decipher the difference between cruel reality and the fantasies of romance that play in his head. That the man does, indeed, discover the difference is what sets him off into emotional collapse. One of the main similarities between the two stories is the fact that the mainRead MoreEssay on Male and Female Paralysis in James Joyces Dubliners3585 Words   |  15 PagesMale and Female Paralysis in Dubliners Critics widely recognized that each story within James Joyce’s Dubliners contains a theme of paralysis. In fact, Joyce himself wrote, â€Å"My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis† (Joyce, letter to Grant Richards, 5 May 1906). Contained in this moral history called Dubliners are twelve stories that deal with the paralysis of a central maleRead MoreAmbiguity At The Araby By James Joyce2076 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Araby Recent trends in literature heavily rely on crossover between genres. Science fiction is becoming more integrated with young adult novels, and even murder mysteries are starting to incorporate romance. This crossover insures authors that they will be able to reach a broader audience, with the hopes that more people will read their books. Short stories have blended countless genres together for a long time, so it’s not surprising to see a short mystery, or a short romance. Poet James JoyceRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s The Dead Essay1857 Words   |  8 PagesJames Joyce has been regarded as a literary genius for the better half of a century, and perhaps his most popular and most widely debated piece is the last story of Dubliners, â€Å"The Dead.† The ending paragraph of the story is deemed one of the most beautiful endings in all of modern literature, and the story’s ultimate meaning can be hypothesized and criticized in discussion after discussion, makin g it a popular work among the ascribed literary canon in academia. The whole of Dubliners is meant to

The Assessment for Nursing Potential Nursing Quality Scale Free Essays

string(151) " significantly more important for BSN-prepared nurses \(Bachelor of Science in Nursing\) compared to those taking AND \(Associate Degree in Nursing\)\." The study integrated the qualities of nursing students (N=227) with their aptitude and academic achievement in a tripartite model. A battery of tests called in the Assessment for Nursing Potential (ANP) composed of the (a) Nursing Quality Scale (NQS) with factors on caring, compassion, commitment and connectedness; (b) Achievement test; and (c) Aptitude test was used in the study. Using a three-wave longitudinal design, the NQS was first administered followed by the aptitude, then the achievement tests. We will write a custom essay sample on The Assessment for Nursing Potential: Nursing Quality Scale or any similar topic only for you Order Now The effects of the nursing qualities on achievement and aptitude were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The first model indicates that nursing quality as a latent factor has no significant effects on both achievement and aptitude, obtaining a moderate goodness of fit (RMSEA=. 09). However, when the same model was tested including the effect of aptitude on achievement, it resulted to a better fit (RMSEA=. 06). In the second model, aptitude has a significant effect on achievement, p. 05. The model explains that attitudinal characteristics of nurses are independent of cognitive abilities such as their aptitude and achievement, and thus supports the belief that it is possible to integrate them in assessing nursing potential. Although effective nurses may possess the necessary characteristics such as caring, compassion, commitment, and connectedness, these quality traits do not affect their abilities. Considering the growing demand of Filipino nurses abroad, there is a great need for them to improve nursing quality by learning necessary competencies and characteristics to succeed in the profession. Valanis (2000) argued that nurses need additional competencies in order to function effectively. The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organization also states that nurses need to develop more competencies to perform well in their job functions. These competencies refer to knowledge, skills, behaviors as well as personal characteristics. Different studies on nursing quality focused on exploring trait on caring as a primary characteristic (e. g. Blasdell Hudgins-Brewer, 1999; Gunther Thomas, 2006; Tise, 1988). On the other hand, most of the studies on the achievement of nurses focused on predicting their success using licensure examination scores as the criterion (e. g. Lam, 2000; Waterhouse Beeman, 2003; Giddens Gloeckner, 2005). The current literature on nursing characteristics and achievement were studied separately considering that there is a growing attention in describing the complexity of nurses’ characteristics as well as their changing roles. The present study proposes to integrate both quality and abilities of nurses because providing services with care needs to be aligned with their ability to handle the technical aspects of their job. The study further tested a model showing the direction from qualities of nursing students (caring, compassion, commitment, and connectedness) directly affecting their aptitude and academic achievement. The model implies that there should be an integration of the knowledge, skills, and behaviors of nurses to optimize their potential for success in the nursing profession.. Nursing Quality Traits Nursing quality is defined as an experiential judgment emerging from the nurse-patient interaction. Most of the studies on nursing quality and traits focused on a single factor such as emphasizing on nursing care while neglecting other characteristics and components. The study by Mamauag and Magno (2005), however, elaborates varied nursing qualities extracted from factor analysis. The resulting framework of nursing qualities does not only emphasize the importance of caring but also other factors such as compassion, commitment, and connectedness. In the said study, a scale composed of these four factors was constructed showing that caring, compassion, commitment, and connectedness have items that highly load for each factor. Using the Rasch model application, the items were further calibrated to generate a pool comprising those that have goodness of fit. These four characteristics are culturally relevant for Filipino nurses because they are described and defined in a collectivist orientation grounded on in-depth interviews among nursing students and practitioner-experts. These factors of nursing quality are all directed towards others where caring means providing comfort, compassion is sympathetic consciousness of others, commitment is responsibility to others and to the profession, and connectedness is the nurse-patient bond. Valanis (2000) has a different model on nursing quality that entails the concern of developing nursing competencies rather than personal characteristics and qualities. She advocates that nurses must: (1) independently practice the profession and evaluate one’s own performance, (2) have the aptitude for elf-motivation and autonomy, (3) be able to identify gaps in knowledge and plan appropriate professional development activities, (4) be able to translate learning into practice, (5) assess patient needs, (6) elicit patient and family values, (7) provide patients with continuity of service, (8) synthesize knowledge and skills, (9) have a broad view of health, (10) assess potential contribution to technology, (11) be skilled in behavior change theory, (12) be able to differentiate nursing functions from those of other professions, and (13) exert leadership in ensuring nursing’s unique contribution to policy on the preventive and remedial aspects of illness. These 13 competencies proposed by Valanis calls for greater demand from nurses to recognize their growing role in the health care profession. These competencies entail aspects of abilities more than affective qualities. Valanis contended a more crucial need for nurses to possess competencies rather than focus on the separate etymological concepts. Gunther and Thomas (2006) were able to extract the same nursing characteristics found in the study of Mamauag and Magno (2005). Using the qualitative research approach, Gunther and Thomas explored the experiences in caring for patients in contemporary hospitals among 46 nurses. Running themes identified were the following: (1) extraordinary care giving events, (2) incomprehensibility, (3) isolation experienced by nurses while giving care as well as profound moment of connection with patients, and (4) questioning what other things could have been done. The study of Blasdell and Hudgins-Brewer (1999) used different measures to determine the personality characteristics and attributes that guidance counselors believe to be important for a career in nursing. It was found that â€Å"other orientation† subscale (includes traits such as compassion, kindness, sincerity, altruism, and concern for others) was ranked the most important followed by the academic achievement, conformity and lastly leadership. They also found out that leadership and academic achievement is significantly more important for BSN-prepared nurses (Bachelor of Science in Nursing) compared to those taking AND (Associate Degree in Nursing). You read "The Assessment for Nursing Potential: Nursing Quality Scale" in category "Essay examples" The study also recognized that academic achievement is the most important factor for a career in medicine than in nursing. It is also important to note in the study of Blasdell and Hudgins-Brewer that nursing students need to be compassionate, kind, obedient, and moderately academically able. This moderate achievement level is enough evidence pointing to the need for nurses to improve their cognitive abilities such as critical, thinking, achievement, and aptitude as advocated by Valanis (2000). Guidance counselors had realistic perceptions of nursing and identified personal and cognitive attributes of students that would promote success in nursing as investigated by Bolan and Grainger (2005). This supports the earlier findings of Blasdell and Hudgins-Brewer (1999). However, Bolan and Grainger further argued that nurses involved in the recruitment of students need to ensure that guidance counselors have more accurate perceptions of the changing role of nurses, their opportunities for practice outside hospital settings, and the importance of problem-solving and leadership skills for nurses. Considering that high school guidance counselors can influence the career choices of students, it is also imperative that they be equipped with information on what characteristics will make successful, competent and caring nurse-practitioners. Nursing Achievement and Aptitude Majority of studies in nursing shows that nursing achievement is moderately perceived as important. This concerns a great concern to improve the abilities of nurses such as their aptitude and academic achievement. The common measure of nursing achievement in published studies on nursing education can be found in the results of licensure examinations such as the NCLEX (National Council Licensure Examination). In the Philippine setting, the Philippine Regulation Commission also uses a test for the licensure of nurses, although there are no published studies using the said instrument. Three studies are published in reviews using the NCLEX as a measure of nursing achievement. The study by Lamm and McCaniel (2000) used the State Board Test Pool Examination (SBTPE), Grade Point Average (GPA), parental education level, and age as predictors of the NCLEX. The purpose of the study was to identify which variables accurately predict the success of practical nursing students on the NCLEX-PN. The results indicate that among all predictors, the General Mental Ability (GMA-subscale of SBTPE) was the only significant predictor of the NCLEX-PN. A recent study by Waterhouse and Beeman (2003) was able to identify more significant predictors of the NCLEX such as scores in the Risk Appraisal Instrument (RAI), grades in the different nursing courses, and the nursing achievement test. In a more ecent study, Giddens and Gloekner (2005) investigated the relationship between critical thinking and the performance scores on the NCLEX. Their study showed that both measures of critical thinking (California Critical Thinking Test and California Critical Thinking Disposition Invento ry) did not significantly predict the NCLEX scores. The study recognized the need to explore other dispositional variables in explaining nursing achievement scores. The studies on nursing achievement usually correlated other cognitive measures such as critical thinking, mental ability, grades, with demographic factors such as age, gender, and parents’ educational level. Previous studies did not explore other dispositional factors such as nursing quality traits in predicting nursing achievement levels because these concurrent studies were driven by the factors explained by other previous studies. This poses a need to explore and use other kinds of disposition such as quality traits in explaining nursing achievement and aptitude. What is required is a mechanism to predict academic success for nursing students during the course of their studies (Hass, Nugent and Rule, 2004). In this way, educational resources can be honed to meet best the needs of the students and the profession/workforce. Not all pathways have a consistent entrance requirement and this confounds any attempt to predict academic and clinical achievement (Campbell and Dickson, 1996) particularly when nursing students arise from quite diverse backgrounds. It was perceived by the authors that not enough was known about how these different pathways would impact on nurse academic and clinical achievement. Studies suggested that different psychological tests had been used to predict academic and clinical achievement. Blackman and Darmawan (2004) in their study that examined criteria used to predict achievement for medical students, explored the use of psychological assessment as a factor associated with of student success in graduating from medical schools, but these had proved to be unreliable particularly when such variables as the student’s personality, interest and attitudes (Aldrich, 1987) were considered. Other studies cited by Blackman et al. 2004) suggested that useful predictors for medical student success in the academic aspects of their studies included their achievement at high school and their past grade point average scores (Green, Peters and Webster, 1993; Hoschl and Kozeny, 1997; Shen and Comrey, 1997). The very pur pose of the educational system is to develop and mold the minds of the young individuals to become responsible and rational adults who are well-prepared for life. Educational experiences guide and strengthen the foundation of one’s development towards achieving one’s goal in life, which is success (Guirra, 1998). For the students to attain this vision in life, they should have the much needed academic preparation, to be able to pass a licensure examination (Blankas, 2003). An entrance examination is conducted by educational institutions to determine whether prospective students are qualified to enter. It is also used to determine the candidate’s preparation for a course of study (http://en. wikipedia. org). Nursing institutions always administer entrance examination to upgrade the professional standard, evaluate the intellectual capability of the applicant as well as some other personal and social aspects. Institutions that offer nursing course cannot just admit applicants who cannot show excellent academic performance to meet the challenging needs of the course (Bajet, 2001). Aptitude tests measure one or more clearly defined and relatively homogeneous segments of ability. They are often used to predict success in an occupation, training course, or educational endeavor (Gregory, 2004). Research data show that individually administered aptitude tests have the following qualities: a) excellent predictors of future scholastic performance, b) provide ways of comparing an individual’s performance with that of others in the same situation, c) provide a profile of strengths and weaknesses, d) assess differences among individuals, e) uncover hidden talents in individuals, thus improving their educational opportunities, and f) serve as valuable tools for working with the handicaps (http://www. ericdigest. org). Achievement tests attempt to assess what a person has learned following a specific course of instruction. These tests have as their goal the endpoint evaluation of a student’s knowledge after a standard course of training (Kaplan Sacuzzo, 2001). Moreover, an achievement test may also be used as a predictor of future learning. In Blankas (2003), Robles as cited by Espiritu (2001), stated that a certification examination is conducted to provide license to graduates of a specific course for the professional practice. Licensing is a way of assuring that practitioners meet the minimum qualifications required for the proper practice in their area of training. Such test intends to measure certain domains in the training that the graduate has completed. If the test adequately assessed the particular domain that it intends to measure, its scores should be significantly related with other indices of the individual’s past training. Roble (1995), as cited by Bajet (2001), concluded that the board examination performance of Siliman University College of Nursing (SUCN) graduates is significantly related with their academic achievement. Further, Martinez (1980), Gagajena (1975), and Refuerzo, (1989) also in Bajet (2001) pointed out that there exists a correlation between academic achievement of nursing graduates and their performance in the Nursing Board Examination. They also stated that academic achievement is a good predictor of performance in the Nursing Board Examination. Braga still in Bajet (2001), found out that there is a positive correlation between preentrance test and success in the nursing school and the state board examination. Further, Rubio in Esguerra (1993) stressed that there is a significant relationship between NCEE ratings and academic achievement, and NCEE ratings and performance in the Board Examination for Nurses. She also found out that academic achievement is a better predictor of success in the Nursing Board Examination than the NCEE ratings. Her dissertation study on the other hand revealed that academic performance significantly relate with Nursing Licensure Examination performance. Martinez, et al. (1980) made An Analytical and Correlational Study of State Board Examination Rating and Academic Achievement of Nursing Students, and they deduced from the results of the study that there is a strong relationship between performance in the nursing state board examination and achievement in high school, pre-nursing and nursing proper. They further stated that academic achievement is a good predictor of performance in the Nursing Licensure Examination. Likewise Carreon’s (1983) study showed that there is a substantial positive correlation between college achievement and board examination performance. In addition, Tolentino (2010) found that college academic performance, nursing aptitude test, dominance and perfectionism as components of personality test are factors significantly related to passing the Philippine Nursing Licensure Examination. The study focused on the predictors of Nursing Board Examination Performance which included the UNP-CAT, Nursing Aptitude Test and Academic Performance. This has a resemblance with the study conducted by Tolentino (2010) as she used academic performance, nursing aptitude test as factors related in passing the Nursing Licensure Examination. In addition, the studies conducted by Martinez (1980), Refuerzo (1989) and Roble (1995) correlated the academic achievement of the nursing graduates with their performance in the Nursing Board Examination. How to cite The Assessment for Nursing Potential: Nursing Quality Scale, Essay examples

Change Readiness Review Airline Industry in Hong Kong

Question: Describe about the Change Readiness Review for Airline Industry in Hong Kong. Answer: Section 1: Industry: Airline Identifies and justifies the focus of the review The airline industry in Hong Kong is connected with urban centres in Asia as well as half of the population of the world with 5 hours of flight distance. Currently, more than 100 airlines are operated about 1,100 flights daily, links the international airport of Hong Kong to about 190 destinations (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). Hong Kong International Airport is the third busiest international passenger airport in the world. In the year 2015, Hong Kong had signed air services agreements with almost 68 aviation partners. The airline industries of Hong Kong is divided into both cargoes as well as passenger sectors. Future back approach in airline industry of Hong Kong The airline industry of Hong Kong is estimated to grow approximately 5% annually in the next five years (Chen and Hu 2013). The air traffic to as well as from the Mainland will reach 2.1 million trips by the year 2030. The cargo traffic will reach 44 million tonnes. In the next 3-5 years, the volume of passengers, aircraft movements as well as cargo will become doubled (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). As the airline industries of Hong Kong handles maximum capacity, therefore they will require expanding their airport in order to meet its long-term demand of their customers. The airline industry should also focus on reducing the cost lies in the efficiency of fuels (Tsui and Fung 2016). The airline industries of Hong Kong have sufficient funds to modernize their fleet in order to incorporate fuel-efficient. As planes are expensive, therefore this approach should require implementing in line with long-term carrier plans for configuration of their network. There should be a programmatic expansi on of routes over a period of years. Chart 1: Air Traffic Movements/year (Actual Statistics and Estimates) (Source: Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015, pp-461) Identification of significant trends and impact on nature of change landscape The airline industry of Hong Kong is being hampered by profit margins, forcing carriers in order to focus on decrease of cost as well as revenue growth through enhanced interactions with the customers (Ha et al. 2013). The airline industry should focus on top-line growth due to limited profitability is based on revenue gains. It should increase the productivity to increase the profit margins. The commercial airlines will navigate several significant trends that will influence the performance of carrier in the coming next five years (Tsui et al. 2014). The trends are: The airline industry will require building social pace in order to create brand equity. An improvement of online and offline services to increase revenue for airlines. Increased focus on regulatory and standardization of routes (Tsui and Fung 2016). The customers should leverage mobile for controlling and information. Complete self-service airport (Xiao et al. 2016). The impacts on the nature of change landscape in the airline industry of Hong Kong as follows: Increase the expectations of customers: The customers should see significant improvements in their experiences with services they are given. As the disaffection of the customers is challenging for the carriers as upgrade the aircraft is an expensive way to differentiate them (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). The enhancement of the soft product such as welcoming of the customer experiences across the features of air travel such as from reservation to arrive is cheaper, but it is hard to implement. Therefore, the change in the airline industry should make a cultural shift in the organization. Reduction of cost and improve operational efficiency: The change management in the airline industries of Hong Kong should result into strict cost controls. The industry lies to decrease the cost in fuel efficiency such as jet fuels account for 40-55% of operating expenses. The reduction of cost is achieved through enhancement of the organizational structure and operating model (Sze et al. 2015). Section 2: Academic Literature Critically analyze and evaluate trends identified The following are the different trends in the airline industry of Hong Kong such as: Build social pace to create brand equity: The airline industry of Hong Kong should take off on social flights to engage a customer in order to build strong relationships with them. Among the recent innovative airline, social media campaigns, as well as initiatives, help to engage customers with unique concepts (Grant 2016). The airline industry should use social media applications so that the customers are encouraged to share their travel wish list as well as the itinerary. Using the social media, it makes a customer relationship management so that a large resources rebuild to give a response to customer queries, posts, tweets, and complaints. It makes strategic sense for the airlines to make partner with providers (De Neufville et al. 2013). It helps to provide a resource pool of social media experts as well as technology platforms to improve brand equity on the social media. An improvement of online and offline services to increase revenue for airlines: The online medium such as an internet, which is symbolized by the online travel agencies in the airline industry, is a influential revenue generator for the airlines. As per the market research on the data, 75% of the air tickets are bought online (Cameron and Green 2015). Automation of airline business processes and e-commerce such as web check-in should enhance the convenience of air travel. The offline channel will persist to be a important touch point for the airlines as well as passengers. Increased focus on regulatory and standardization of routes: Regulatory as well as directives on standardization will always continue to dominate the airline industry now as well as in the future (Quinn et al. 2012). Most of the regulations are based on finance, environment as well as consumer rights. While the airline regulations increase the safety of the passengers as well as improve the business sustainability, compliance adds to the total operational cost (Herrmann and Nadkarni 2014). Since new regulations are given to the airline industry of Hong Kong, therefore they must engage in a compliance program that should optimize the business operations and transform it. Advantage of Mobile for controlling and information: The customers are already leveraged mobiles. The airline mobile platforms should be updated and maintained so that it offers trip searchers as well as booking, offers travel purchases and address travel disruptions with alternative travel arrangements (Olson and Simerson 2015). Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) in-flight entertainment as well as the onboard services trend will persist to grow, as suppliers should expand this platform in next three years. Complete self-service airport: The customers those are frequent flyer should use at least a part of the self-service (Johnson 2016). The self-services system should be u-Self check-in common use kiosks allow the passengers to check in. The biometric u-Immigration system should allow the passengers with e-passports in order to go into departures automatically with facial recognition (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). Even biometric u-Boarding gate, boarding pass free u-departure gate for machine-readable passports provides customized airport information to the travelers. Leadership and management skills require implementing sustainable organization change and development The leaders have motivated their employees by creating a vision to meet with the change management of the airline industry. They can establish an organizational culture, which should be based on assumptions, values as well as beliefs (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). The employees should have appreciation and concern for their customers thus producing a unity emphasizing membership as well as customer engagement. The leader and management should develop a process to inspire people for changing (Tsui and Fung 2016). Ethics should be central to leadership, and it helps to establish as well as reinforce organizational values. In order to meet with organizational change trends, some of the steps are required in airline industries such as: The leader should create a vision that is challenging and desirable. The leader should communicate the vision for making future changes (Booth 2015). The leader should influence as well as inspire the employees to become a part of a culture based on morals. They should engage the employees in order to increase their airline services through empowerment (Chen and Hu 2013). They should also develop a value added leadership development program, which is based on the philosophy "hire for attitude as well as train for skill (Xiao et al. 2016). The leadership stability is found at the core of the worlds best airlines. Successful airlines CEO successions be inclined to arise when basic conditions are in position at the management interface (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). Firstly, the succession planning is viewed as the original as well as ongoing board responsibility tied to the expansion of management. Well-managed airline industries of Hong Kong are working the CEO succession process for a long period. Even the tech savvy leaders rule the airline industry (Jenatabadi 2013). As the airline industry uses many new and modern systems for doing self-customers work, therefore the CEO and the leaders should also have knowledge of new technological uses. Even the tech-savvy CEO should have an easier time to earn the trust of the technical group (Robinson et al. 2016). The operations research analyst of the airline industry takes care of the business issues, and they create a model in order to help identify the optimal overbooking leve ls for the aircraft. The leaders should motivate their employees to work so that it will help the airline industry to increase both productivities as well as the profitability of the Hong Kong airline business processes (Chen and Chen 2012). Section 3: Framework Framework to summarize the key management and leadership skills Within the airline industry, there is a need for sustainable change within the business organizations of Hong Kong. It is due to some factors ranging from the structural, technological to commercial. Change management, leadership, management, and soft skills are distributed through the airline industry (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). As the change is imposed on the airline industry from some sources, therefore there is a requirement of change management skills in the airline sector is increasing. The main objective of this framework based on key management and leadership skills is developing structure in order to manage retention of skills concerning organizational processes to manage change in air transport system (McAfee et al. 2012). Different stakeholders in the operational system such as airports and maintenance companies will change the business operational system in order to deliver better services (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The below table shows the areas of operations and frameworks the leaders are required to change for successfully implementing the change management framework in the business operations of the airline industry. Area Sub-divisions Justification Human factors training 1. Technical training 2. Safety training 3. Online learning community Training to the employees is required, and it is focused on the operational layer in the airline sector with an aim to reduce error and enhance the safety of the customers (Herrmann and Nadkarni, 2014). Development of system 1. Technical equipment 2. Additional of modern airline systems The system is developed in order to support a deployment of an integrated change management capability. Supporting the collaborative decision making 1. Development of system 2. Pilot implementation 3. Process map of turn-around process (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). The leaders take different types of decisions and management team in various areas so that it results in the successful development of airline system and pilot implementation. Link risk and performance across the flight ops 1. Development of web applications to capture daily work in an electronic format (Chen and Chen 2012). 2. Development of safety system changes framework Within the airline industry, there are various risks that the leaders should take a step to mitigate them (Tsui and Fung 2016). It improves the performance of the web applications and develops the safety framework so that the travelers should get the safe journey. Assess and facilitate change 1. Design of change management tool 2. Development of prototype interfaces Due to a use of a new technological system, the workers and employees working in the airline sector require making changes in their business processes (Tsui et al. 2014). Revenue management 1. Understanding the revenue management framework (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). 2. Calculation of the return on investment The airline industry should control their revenue by seeking to optimize short-term profitability throughout dynamic pricing. Communication skills 1. Decision making 2. Safety of the travelers 3. Written and oral communication (Johnson 2016). An effective communication skill among the leaders is a basic requirement in the airline operational contexts, and it is a requisite to safety (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The written communication consists of flight manuals, planning of flights, operational bulletins, and checklists. Oral communication is required for removing the issues within the industry (Grant 2016). Management skills 1. Behavioral and controllable 2. Interrelated and overlapping The managers and leaders should have identifiable sets of actions that they can perform to get certain outcomes. The performance of the behaviors should be kept control (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). In order to motivate others to work, the leaders should have supportive, empowerment as well as self-awareness skills to overlap and support others. Section 4: Strength and areas of development Critically evaluate the organizational change and development as a leader and manager in airline industry An adaptive work environment is required leader and manager in order to control protection, conflict as well as policy and norms in the airline transport system (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). The leaders and managers should operate co-creatively; therefore, they require giving priority to the requirements of the customers. McAfee et al. (2012) stated that too many leaders should make a mistake of thinking that they can change the behavior of individuals by making a change in the culture. In the airline industry, a cross-functional team could able to develop as well as implement an improvement plan so that they can improve motivation as well as promote an effective communication skill by expanding the scope of a job of workers and their involvement in airline planning (Herrmann and Nadkarni 2014). The airports serve an access point to the private air transportation industry. Thus it provides service to the public. Even the airline industry should have no control over the type of equipment and workers to maintain control over the business operations. The managers and leaders are facing rapid change in the airline industry. Globalization has increased the opportunities for growth as well as revenue (Johnson 2016). The main systematic way to expand in the airline market is to control the cost as well as revenue. Scrutiny of the stakeholders has also increased, as some of the leaders should take illegal actions in the companies (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). The capability to manage while continuing in order to meet with stakeholders need is required skill by them. Sometimes, merger among the airline industries in Hong Kong will result in business opportunities as well as growth prospects (Tsui and Fung 2016). The following are some of the areas of change and development by leaders and managers: Air service development program: Both managers as well as leaders to make decisions develop the air service development program (Tsui et al. 2014). It is required to understand how they while designing of the air service development program takes the air service decisions. Financial area of development: Financial incentives are offered to the air carriers for their new services. When they are provided with new services in the airline industry, there is a requirement of a host of costs associated with the establishment of the new ground station such as training of new workers (Xiao et al. 2016). The airline industry is charged for use of property such as fees of landing, terminal rental fees, and others. The start-up cost for the air carrier is $200,000. Improvement in data analytics: There is huge pile of data, which contains crucial information about the passenger's profiles, as well as preferences that are leveraged by the airline industry in order to develop the offerings of product and services (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). The leader should predict the needs of the customers as well as their preferences by analyzing the historical data of the customers. The sales and marketing are achieved with the help of the analytics of the data as well as information (Olson and Simerson 2015). With an capability to remove information from a enormous pile of data, it helps the managers and leaders to take business related decisions. Analytics is a rising planned enabler for the airline business industry. Changing course in the revenue generator: Rise in the price of fuel, as well as an increase in competitions, are biting the revenue generator potential to the global airline business. Therefore, the airline industry explores new ways to change the course of the revenue generator. Some of the strategies that are taken by both managers as well as leaders are selling ancillary services across the value chain (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). The ancillary route is considered as an important revenue generator for the airline industry. The services consist of paying for checking baggage, booking for seats, connectivity of Wi-Fi (Tsui and Fung 2016). The leaders are taking revenue integrity program so that they can cut across various processes such as ticketing processes, e-ticketing as well as customer relationship management. Crew resource management: It is used to set the training procedures for reducing human errors. It also improves over air safety; customer relationship management focuses on interpersonal communication, decision-making as well as leadership (Ha et al. 2013). Switch to digital: No technological development gives impact on the transportation of air than an adoption of electronic formats for regulatory as well as tracking documents (De Neufville et al. 2013). The switch to the digital documentation has made the business operations of the airline industry faster as well as flexible. The managers, as well as leaders, are racing to keep the airline industry with latest technological development (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). Technology has evolved rapidly, and it brings various changes within the airline industry. 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