Portrayal Of Women In Ben Jonsons Volpone Essay - 1074 Words

Women for centuries have fought against a male dominated society in order to achieve a more equal standing. This same society and its stereotypes of women have proven to be a hindrance to accomplishing this lofty goal. These stereotypes prevailed in renaissance England and flourished in many of the female characters in the literature. Ben Jonsons classic comedy, Volpone, surely falls into this category. The portrayal of Celia and Lady Would-Be in Volpone reflects the misperceptions and low status of women in Renaissance England. Celia reveals herself initially, however briefly, in Act II, Scene II. She does not speak but simply observes Volpone from her window, dropping her handkerchief to show her interest. This scene of Volpone down†¦show more content†¦Although on the surface, this may seem as a term of affection, Celia transforms from a cherished wife to an object to be bargained. Because Celia plays the weak, lowly victim and allows Corvino to rule her domain, she ultim ately is responsible for being played like a pawn in a chess game. However, even in a chess game there is the Queen. Here only male figures make the rules. Celia finally appears to stand up for herself in Act III, Scene VI, when she protests Corvino prostituting her out to Volpone in order to gain his riches. With this most sincere of insults, Corvino brings to the surface his wifes true insecurities. For although Celia pleads with Corvino to not allow this to happen, her defense lies in Corvino again locking her away. She implores, Sir, let me beseech you, [a]ffect not these strange trials; if you doubt [m]y chastity, why, lock me up forever; [m]ake me the heir of darkness. Let me live [w]here I may please your fears, if not your trust. Celia does not possess the strength to stand up and defend herself against Corvinos mistreatment. Her only choices seem to be becoming a concubine to Volpone or a prisoner from the world, both at the hands of her husband. The thought of an option controlled by her never comes to Celias feeble mind. She can only hope for a noble knight to come and rescue her from this dire situation. Luckily for Celia, one exists. Just asShow MoreRelatedPortrayal of Women in Jonsons Volpone Essay1144 Words   |  5 PagesThe Portrayal of Women in Jonsons Volpone Women for centuries have fought against a male dominated society in order to achieve a more equal standing. This same society and its stereotypes of women have proven to be a hindrance to accomplishing this lofty goal. These stereotypes prevailed in renaissance England and flourished in many of the female characters in the literature. Ben Jonsons classic comedy, Volpone, surely falls into this category. The portrayal of Celia and Lady Would-Be in VolponeRead MorePost-Shakespearean Dramatists and declining of drama during post-Shakespeare period2502 Words   |  11 Pagesto fill his place. Just as Chaucer’s successors failed to maintain the greatness of Chaucer, Shakespeare’s successor had little of the genius of Shakespeare. In the hands of his successors comedy became eccentric and tragedy lost its epic grandeur. Ben Jonson failed in the field of tragedy. 2 5) Exhaustion of Creative Spirit – Shakespeare in spite of borrowing his material from different sources had the creative imagination, and in his hands the borrowed material ‘suffered a sea-change into something

Essay about Obsession in Araby of James Joyces Dubliners

Obsession in Araby In James Joyce’s short story Araby, the main character is a young boy who confuses obsession with love. This boy thinks he is in love with a young girl, but all of his thoughts, ideas, and actions show that he is merely obsessed. Throughout this short story, there are many examples that show the boy’s obsession for the girl. There is also evidence that shows the boy does not really understand love or all of the feelings that go along with it. When the boy first describes the girl, you can see his obsession for her. He seems to notice every detail such as her dress swung as she moved her body and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side (Joyce 548). You do not usually remember every minute†¦show more content†¦This shows that the boy always watches where she is going, and then goes out of his way to get physically closer to her. In this example, you can plainly see that the boy’s actions are being controlled by his obsession for the girl, and not by some great love he has for her. Another example, that shows the boy’s obsession for the young girl, comes after the two of them have a brief conversation. In the conversation, the young girl asks the young boy if he is going to Araby (Joyce 548), and then the girl states that it would be a splendid bazaar, she would love to go (Joyce 549), but she is already obligated to something else. Finally, the young boy says, If I go, I will bring you something (Joyce 549). After the boy speaks to the girl, he finds it hard to concentrate on anything except for her. This is how the boy describes what he is feeling just after his brief conversation with the young girl: What innumerable follies laid waste my waking and sleeping thoughts after that evening! d to annihilate the tedious intervening days. I chafed against the work of school. At night in my bedroom and by day in the classroom her image came between me and the page I strove to read. The syllables of the word Araby were called to me through the silence in which my soul luxuriated and cast an Eastern enchantment over me. (Joyce 549) In this excerpt, you can plainly see that the boy thinks he is in love with the girl, but inShow MoreRelated Comparing Updikes AP and Joyces Araby Essay1336 Words   |  6 PagesComparing Updikes A P and Joyces Araby  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   John Updikes A P and James Joyces Araby share many of the same literary traits. The primary focus of the two stories revolves around a young man who is compelled to decipher the difference between cruel reality and the fantasies of romance that play in his head. That the man does, indeed, discover the difference is what sets him off into emotional collapse. One of the main similarities between the two stories is the fact that the mainRead MoreEssay on Male and Female Paralysis in James Joyces Dubliners3585 Words   |  15 PagesMale and Female Paralysis in Dubliners Critics widely recognized that each story within James Joyce’s Dubliners contains a theme of paralysis. In fact, Joyce himself wrote, â€Å"My intention was to write a chapter of the moral history of my country and I chose Dublin for the scene because that city seemed to me the centre of paralysis† (Joyce, letter to Grant Richards, 5 May 1906). Contained in this moral history called Dubliners are twelve stories that deal with the paralysis of a central maleRead MoreAmbiguity At The Araby By James Joyce2076 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Araby Recent trends in literature heavily rely on crossover between genres. Science fiction is becoming more integrated with young adult novels, and even murder mysteries are starting to incorporate romance. This crossover insures authors that they will be able to reach a broader audience, with the hopes that more people will read their books. Short stories have blended countless genres together for a long time, so it’s not surprising to see a short mystery, or a short romance. Poet James JoyceRead MoreAnalysis Of James Joyce s The Dead Essay1857 Words   |  8 PagesJames Joyce has been regarded as a literary genius for the better half of a century, and perhaps his most popular and most widely debated piece is the last story of Dubliners, â€Å"The Dead.† The ending paragraph of the story is deemed one of the most beautiful endings in all of modern literature, and the story’s ultimate meaning can be hypothesized and criticized in discussion after discussion, makin g it a popular work among the ascribed literary canon in academia. The whole of Dubliners is meant to

The Assessment for Nursing Potential Nursing Quality Scale Free Essays

string(151) " significantly more important for BSN-prepared nurses \(Bachelor of Science in Nursing\) compared to those taking AND \(Associate Degree in Nursing\)\." The study integrated the qualities of nursing students (N=227) with their aptitude and academic achievement in a tripartite model. A battery of tests called in the Assessment for Nursing Potential (ANP) composed of the (a) Nursing Quality Scale (NQS) with factors on caring, compassion, commitment and connectedness; (b) Achievement test; and (c) Aptitude test was used in the study. Using a three-wave longitudinal design, the NQS was first administered followed by the aptitude, then the achievement tests. We will write a custom essay sample on The Assessment for Nursing Potential: Nursing Quality Scale or any similar topic only for you Order Now The effects of the nursing qualities on achievement and aptitude were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The first model indicates that nursing quality as a latent factor has no significant effects on both achievement and aptitude, obtaining a moderate goodness of fit (RMSEA=. 09). However, when the same model was tested including the effect of aptitude on achievement, it resulted to a better fit (RMSEA=. 06). In the second model, aptitude has a significant effect on achievement, p. 05. The model explains that attitudinal characteristics of nurses are independent of cognitive abilities such as their aptitude and achievement, and thus supports the belief that it is possible to integrate them in assessing nursing potential. Although effective nurses may possess the necessary characteristics such as caring, compassion, commitment, and connectedness, these quality traits do not affect their abilities. Considering the growing demand of Filipino nurses abroad, there is a great need for them to improve nursing quality by learning necessary competencies and characteristics to succeed in the profession. Valanis (2000) argued that nurses need additional competencies in order to function effectively. The Joint Commission on the Accreditation of Healthcare Organization also states that nurses need to develop more competencies to perform well in their job functions. These competencies refer to knowledge, skills, behaviors as well as personal characteristics. Different studies on nursing quality focused on exploring trait on caring as a primary characteristic (e. g. Blasdell Hudgins-Brewer, 1999; Gunther Thomas, 2006; Tise, 1988). On the other hand, most of the studies on the achievement of nurses focused on predicting their success using licensure examination scores as the criterion (e. g. Lam, 2000; Waterhouse Beeman, 2003; Giddens Gloeckner, 2005). The current literature on nursing characteristics and achievement were studied separately considering that there is a growing attention in describing the complexity of nurses’ characteristics as well as their changing roles. The present study proposes to integrate both quality and abilities of nurses because providing services with care needs to be aligned with their ability to handle the technical aspects of their job. The study further tested a model showing the direction from qualities of nursing students (caring, compassion, commitment, and connectedness) directly affecting their aptitude and academic achievement. The model implies that there should be an integration of the knowledge, skills, and behaviors of nurses to optimize their potential for success in the nursing profession.. Nursing Quality Traits Nursing quality is defined as an experiential judgment emerging from the nurse-patient interaction. Most of the studies on nursing quality and traits focused on a single factor such as emphasizing on nursing care while neglecting other characteristics and components. The study by Mamauag and Magno (2005), however, elaborates varied nursing qualities extracted from factor analysis. The resulting framework of nursing qualities does not only emphasize the importance of caring but also other factors such as compassion, commitment, and connectedness. In the said study, a scale composed of these four factors was constructed showing that caring, compassion, commitment, and connectedness have items that highly load for each factor. Using the Rasch model application, the items were further calibrated to generate a pool comprising those that have goodness of fit. These four characteristics are culturally relevant for Filipino nurses because they are described and defined in a collectivist orientation grounded on in-depth interviews among nursing students and practitioner-experts. These factors of nursing quality are all directed towards others where caring means providing comfort, compassion is sympathetic consciousness of others, commitment is responsibility to others and to the profession, and connectedness is the nurse-patient bond. Valanis (2000) has a different model on nursing quality that entails the concern of developing nursing competencies rather than personal characteristics and qualities. She advocates that nurses must: (1) independently practice the profession and evaluate one’s own performance, (2) have the aptitude for elf-motivation and autonomy, (3) be able to identify gaps in knowledge and plan appropriate professional development activities, (4) be able to translate learning into practice, (5) assess patient needs, (6) elicit patient and family values, (7) provide patients with continuity of service, (8) synthesize knowledge and skills, (9) have a broad view of health, (10) assess potential contribution to technology, (11) be skilled in behavior change theory, (12) be able to differentiate nursing functions from those of other professions, and (13) exert leadership in ensuring nursing’s unique contribution to policy on the preventive and remedial aspects of illness. These 13 competencies proposed by Valanis calls for greater demand from nurses to recognize their growing role in the health care profession. These competencies entail aspects of abilities more than affective qualities. Valanis contended a more crucial need for nurses to possess competencies rather than focus on the separate etymological concepts. Gunther and Thomas (2006) were able to extract the same nursing characteristics found in the study of Mamauag and Magno (2005). Using the qualitative research approach, Gunther and Thomas explored the experiences in caring for patients in contemporary hospitals among 46 nurses. Running themes identified were the following: (1) extraordinary care giving events, (2) incomprehensibility, (3) isolation experienced by nurses while giving care as well as profound moment of connection with patients, and (4) questioning what other things could have been done. The study of Blasdell and Hudgins-Brewer (1999) used different measures to determine the personality characteristics and attributes that guidance counselors believe to be important for a career in nursing. It was found that â€Å"other orientation† subscale (includes traits such as compassion, kindness, sincerity, altruism, and concern for others) was ranked the most important followed by the academic achievement, conformity and lastly leadership. They also found out that leadership and academic achievement is significantly more important for BSN-prepared nurses (Bachelor of Science in Nursing) compared to those taking AND (Associate Degree in Nursing). You read "The Assessment for Nursing Potential: Nursing Quality Scale" in category "Essay examples" The study also recognized that academic achievement is the most important factor for a career in medicine than in nursing. It is also important to note in the study of Blasdell and Hudgins-Brewer that nursing students need to be compassionate, kind, obedient, and moderately academically able. This moderate achievement level is enough evidence pointing to the need for nurses to improve their cognitive abilities such as critical, thinking, achievement, and aptitude as advocated by Valanis (2000). Guidance counselors had realistic perceptions of nursing and identified personal and cognitive attributes of students that would promote success in nursing as investigated by Bolan and Grainger (2005). This supports the earlier findings of Blasdell and Hudgins-Brewer (1999). However, Bolan and Grainger further argued that nurses involved in the recruitment of students need to ensure that guidance counselors have more accurate perceptions of the changing role of nurses, their opportunities for practice outside hospital settings, and the importance of problem-solving and leadership skills for nurses. Considering that high school guidance counselors can influence the career choices of students, it is also imperative that they be equipped with information on what characteristics will make successful, competent and caring nurse-practitioners. Nursing Achievement and Aptitude Majority of studies in nursing shows that nursing achievement is moderately perceived as important. This concerns a great concern to improve the abilities of nurses such as their aptitude and academic achievement. The common measure of nursing achievement in published studies on nursing education can be found in the results of licensure examinations such as the NCLEX (National Council Licensure Examination). In the Philippine setting, the Philippine Regulation Commission also uses a test for the licensure of nurses, although there are no published studies using the said instrument. Three studies are published in reviews using the NCLEX as a measure of nursing achievement. The study by Lamm and McCaniel (2000) used the State Board Test Pool Examination (SBTPE), Grade Point Average (GPA), parental education level, and age as predictors of the NCLEX. The purpose of the study was to identify which variables accurately predict the success of practical nursing students on the NCLEX-PN. The results indicate that among all predictors, the General Mental Ability (GMA-subscale of SBTPE) was the only significant predictor of the NCLEX-PN. A recent study by Waterhouse and Beeman (2003) was able to identify more significant predictors of the NCLEX such as scores in the Risk Appraisal Instrument (RAI), grades in the different nursing courses, and the nursing achievement test. In a more ecent study, Giddens and Gloekner (2005) investigated the relationship between critical thinking and the performance scores on the NCLEX. Their study showed that both measures of critical thinking (California Critical Thinking Test and California Critical Thinking Disposition Invento ry) did not significantly predict the NCLEX scores. The study recognized the need to explore other dispositional variables in explaining nursing achievement scores. The studies on nursing achievement usually correlated other cognitive measures such as critical thinking, mental ability, grades, with demographic factors such as age, gender, and parents’ educational level. Previous studies did not explore other dispositional factors such as nursing quality traits in predicting nursing achievement levels because these concurrent studies were driven by the factors explained by other previous studies. This poses a need to explore and use other kinds of disposition such as quality traits in explaining nursing achievement and aptitude. What is required is a mechanism to predict academic success for nursing students during the course of their studies (Hass, Nugent and Rule, 2004). In this way, educational resources can be honed to meet best the needs of the students and the profession/workforce. Not all pathways have a consistent entrance requirement and this confounds any attempt to predict academic and clinical achievement (Campbell and Dickson, 1996) particularly when nursing students arise from quite diverse backgrounds. It was perceived by the authors that not enough was known about how these different pathways would impact on nurse academic and clinical achievement. Studies suggested that different psychological tests had been used to predict academic and clinical achievement. Blackman and Darmawan (2004) in their study that examined criteria used to predict achievement for medical students, explored the use of psychological assessment as a factor associated with of student success in graduating from medical schools, but these had proved to be unreliable particularly when such variables as the student’s personality, interest and attitudes (Aldrich, 1987) were considered. Other studies cited by Blackman et al. 2004) suggested that useful predictors for medical student success in the academic aspects of their studies included their achievement at high school and their past grade point average scores (Green, Peters and Webster, 1993; Hoschl and Kozeny, 1997; Shen and Comrey, 1997). The very pur pose of the educational system is to develop and mold the minds of the young individuals to become responsible and rational adults who are well-prepared for life. Educational experiences guide and strengthen the foundation of one’s development towards achieving one’s goal in life, which is success (Guirra, 1998). For the students to attain this vision in life, they should have the much needed academic preparation, to be able to pass a licensure examination (Blankas, 2003). An entrance examination is conducted by educational institutions to determine whether prospective students are qualified to enter. It is also used to determine the candidate’s preparation for a course of study (http://en. wikipedia. org). Nursing institutions always administer entrance examination to upgrade the professional standard, evaluate the intellectual capability of the applicant as well as some other personal and social aspects. Institutions that offer nursing course cannot just admit applicants who cannot show excellent academic performance to meet the challenging needs of the course (Bajet, 2001). Aptitude tests measure one or more clearly defined and relatively homogeneous segments of ability. They are often used to predict success in an occupation, training course, or educational endeavor (Gregory, 2004). Research data show that individually administered aptitude tests have the following qualities: a) excellent predictors of future scholastic performance, b) provide ways of comparing an individual’s performance with that of others in the same situation, c) provide a profile of strengths and weaknesses, d) assess differences among individuals, e) uncover hidden talents in individuals, thus improving their educational opportunities, and f) serve as valuable tools for working with the handicaps (http://www. ericdigest. org). Achievement tests attempt to assess what a person has learned following a specific course of instruction. These tests have as their goal the endpoint evaluation of a student’s knowledge after a standard course of training (Kaplan Sacuzzo, 2001). Moreover, an achievement test may also be used as a predictor of future learning. In Blankas (2003), Robles as cited by Espiritu (2001), stated that a certification examination is conducted to provide license to graduates of a specific course for the professional practice. Licensing is a way of assuring that practitioners meet the minimum qualifications required for the proper practice in their area of training. Such test intends to measure certain domains in the training that the graduate has completed. If the test adequately assessed the particular domain that it intends to measure, its scores should be significantly related with other indices of the individual’s past training. Roble (1995), as cited by Bajet (2001), concluded that the board examination performance of Siliman University College of Nursing (SUCN) graduates is significantly related with their academic achievement. Further, Martinez (1980), Gagajena (1975), and Refuerzo, (1989) also in Bajet (2001) pointed out that there exists a correlation between academic achievement of nursing graduates and their performance in the Nursing Board Examination. They also stated that academic achievement is a good predictor of performance in the Nursing Board Examination. Braga still in Bajet (2001), found out that there is a positive correlation between preentrance test and success in the nursing school and the state board examination. Further, Rubio in Esguerra (1993) stressed that there is a significant relationship between NCEE ratings and academic achievement, and NCEE ratings and performance in the Board Examination for Nurses. She also found out that academic achievement is a better predictor of success in the Nursing Board Examination than the NCEE ratings. Her dissertation study on the other hand revealed that academic performance significantly relate with Nursing Licensure Examination performance. Martinez, et al. (1980) made An Analytical and Correlational Study of State Board Examination Rating and Academic Achievement of Nursing Students, and they deduced from the results of the study that there is a strong relationship between performance in the nursing state board examination and achievement in high school, pre-nursing and nursing proper. They further stated that academic achievement is a good predictor of performance in the Nursing Licensure Examination. Likewise Carreon’s (1983) study showed that there is a substantial positive correlation between college achievement and board examination performance. In addition, Tolentino (2010) found that college academic performance, nursing aptitude test, dominance and perfectionism as components of personality test are factors significantly related to passing the Philippine Nursing Licensure Examination. The study focused on the predictors of Nursing Board Examination Performance which included the UNP-CAT, Nursing Aptitude Test and Academic Performance. This has a resemblance with the study conducted by Tolentino (2010) as she used academic performance, nursing aptitude test as factors related in passing the Nursing Licensure Examination. In addition, the studies conducted by Martinez (1980), Refuerzo (1989) and Roble (1995) correlated the academic achievement of the nursing graduates with their performance in the Nursing Board Examination. How to cite The Assessment for Nursing Potential: Nursing Quality Scale, Essay examples

Change Readiness Review Airline Industry in Hong Kong

Question: Describe about the Change Readiness Review for Airline Industry in Hong Kong. Answer: Section 1: Industry: Airline Identifies and justifies the focus of the review The airline industry in Hong Kong is connected with urban centres in Asia as well as half of the population of the world with 5 hours of flight distance. Currently, more than 100 airlines are operated about 1,100 flights daily, links the international airport of Hong Kong to about 190 destinations (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). Hong Kong International Airport is the third busiest international passenger airport in the world. In the year 2015, Hong Kong had signed air services agreements with almost 68 aviation partners. The airline industries of Hong Kong is divided into both cargoes as well as passenger sectors. Future back approach in airline industry of Hong Kong The airline industry of Hong Kong is estimated to grow approximately 5% annually in the next five years (Chen and Hu 2013). The air traffic to as well as from the Mainland will reach 2.1 million trips by the year 2030. The cargo traffic will reach 44 million tonnes. In the next 3-5 years, the volume of passengers, aircraft movements as well as cargo will become doubled (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). As the airline industries of Hong Kong handles maximum capacity, therefore they will require expanding their airport in order to meet its long-term demand of their customers. The airline industry should also focus on reducing the cost lies in the efficiency of fuels (Tsui and Fung 2016). The airline industries of Hong Kong have sufficient funds to modernize their fleet in order to incorporate fuel-efficient. As planes are expensive, therefore this approach should require implementing in line with long-term carrier plans for configuration of their network. There should be a programmatic expansi on of routes over a period of years. Chart 1: Air Traffic Movements/year (Actual Statistics and Estimates) (Source: Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015, pp-461) Identification of significant trends and impact on nature of change landscape The airline industry of Hong Kong is being hampered by profit margins, forcing carriers in order to focus on decrease of cost as well as revenue growth through enhanced interactions with the customers (Ha et al. 2013). The airline industry should focus on top-line growth due to limited profitability is based on revenue gains. It should increase the productivity to increase the profit margins. The commercial airlines will navigate several significant trends that will influence the performance of carrier in the coming next five years (Tsui et al. 2014). The trends are: The airline industry will require building social pace in order to create brand equity. An improvement of online and offline services to increase revenue for airlines. Increased focus on regulatory and standardization of routes (Tsui and Fung 2016). The customers should leverage mobile for controlling and information. Complete self-service airport (Xiao et al. 2016). The impacts on the nature of change landscape in the airline industry of Hong Kong as follows: Increase the expectations of customers: The customers should see significant improvements in their experiences with services they are given. As the disaffection of the customers is challenging for the carriers as upgrade the aircraft is an expensive way to differentiate them (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). The enhancement of the soft product such as welcoming of the customer experiences across the features of air travel such as from reservation to arrive is cheaper, but it is hard to implement. Therefore, the change in the airline industry should make a cultural shift in the organization. Reduction of cost and improve operational efficiency: The change management in the airline industries of Hong Kong should result into strict cost controls. The industry lies to decrease the cost in fuel efficiency such as jet fuels account for 40-55% of operating expenses. The reduction of cost is achieved through enhancement of the organizational structure and operating model (Sze et al. 2015). Section 2: Academic Literature Critically analyze and evaluate trends identified The following are the different trends in the airline industry of Hong Kong such as: Build social pace to create brand equity: The airline industry of Hong Kong should take off on social flights to engage a customer in order to build strong relationships with them. Among the recent innovative airline, social media campaigns, as well as initiatives, help to engage customers with unique concepts (Grant 2016). The airline industry should use social media applications so that the customers are encouraged to share their travel wish list as well as the itinerary. Using the social media, it makes a customer relationship management so that a large resources rebuild to give a response to customer queries, posts, tweets, and complaints. It makes strategic sense for the airlines to make partner with providers (De Neufville et al. 2013). It helps to provide a resource pool of social media experts as well as technology platforms to improve brand equity on the social media. An improvement of online and offline services to increase revenue for airlines: The online medium such as an internet, which is symbolized by the online travel agencies in the airline industry, is a influential revenue generator for the airlines. As per the market research on the data, 75% of the air tickets are bought online (Cameron and Green 2015). Automation of airline business processes and e-commerce such as web check-in should enhance the convenience of air travel. The offline channel will persist to be a important touch point for the airlines as well as passengers. Increased focus on regulatory and standardization of routes: Regulatory as well as directives on standardization will always continue to dominate the airline industry now as well as in the future (Quinn et al. 2012). Most of the regulations are based on finance, environment as well as consumer rights. While the airline regulations increase the safety of the passengers as well as improve the business sustainability, compliance adds to the total operational cost (Herrmann and Nadkarni 2014). Since new regulations are given to the airline industry of Hong Kong, therefore they must engage in a compliance program that should optimize the business operations and transform it. Advantage of Mobile for controlling and information: The customers are already leveraged mobiles. The airline mobile platforms should be updated and maintained so that it offers trip searchers as well as booking, offers travel purchases and address travel disruptions with alternative travel arrangements (Olson and Simerson 2015). Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) in-flight entertainment as well as the onboard services trend will persist to grow, as suppliers should expand this platform in next three years. Complete self-service airport: The customers those are frequent flyer should use at least a part of the self-service (Johnson 2016). The self-services system should be u-Self check-in common use kiosks allow the passengers to check in. The biometric u-Immigration system should allow the passengers with e-passports in order to go into departures automatically with facial recognition (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). Even biometric u-Boarding gate, boarding pass free u-departure gate for machine-readable passports provides customized airport information to the travelers. Leadership and management skills require implementing sustainable organization change and development The leaders have motivated their employees by creating a vision to meet with the change management of the airline industry. They can establish an organizational culture, which should be based on assumptions, values as well as beliefs (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). The employees should have appreciation and concern for their customers thus producing a unity emphasizing membership as well as customer engagement. The leader and management should develop a process to inspire people for changing (Tsui and Fung 2016). Ethics should be central to leadership, and it helps to establish as well as reinforce organizational values. In order to meet with organizational change trends, some of the steps are required in airline industries such as: The leader should create a vision that is challenging and desirable. The leader should communicate the vision for making future changes (Booth 2015). The leader should influence as well as inspire the employees to become a part of a culture based on morals. They should engage the employees in order to increase their airline services through empowerment (Chen and Hu 2013). They should also develop a value added leadership development program, which is based on the philosophy "hire for attitude as well as train for skill (Xiao et al. 2016). The leadership stability is found at the core of the worlds best airlines. Successful airlines CEO successions be inclined to arise when basic conditions are in position at the management interface (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). Firstly, the succession planning is viewed as the original as well as ongoing board responsibility tied to the expansion of management. Well-managed airline industries of Hong Kong are working the CEO succession process for a long period. Even the tech savvy leaders rule the airline industry (Jenatabadi 2013). As the airline industry uses many new and modern systems for doing self-customers work, therefore the CEO and the leaders should also have knowledge of new technological uses. Even the tech-savvy CEO should have an easier time to earn the trust of the technical group (Robinson et al. 2016). The operations research analyst of the airline industry takes care of the business issues, and they create a model in order to help identify the optimal overbooking leve ls for the aircraft. The leaders should motivate their employees to work so that it will help the airline industry to increase both productivities as well as the profitability of the Hong Kong airline business processes (Chen and Chen 2012). Section 3: Framework Framework to summarize the key management and leadership skills Within the airline industry, there is a need for sustainable change within the business organizations of Hong Kong. It is due to some factors ranging from the structural, technological to commercial. Change management, leadership, management, and soft skills are distributed through the airline industry (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). As the change is imposed on the airline industry from some sources, therefore there is a requirement of change management skills in the airline sector is increasing. The main objective of this framework based on key management and leadership skills is developing structure in order to manage retention of skills concerning organizational processes to manage change in air transport system (McAfee et al. 2012). Different stakeholders in the operational system such as airports and maintenance companies will change the business operational system in order to deliver better services (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The below table shows the areas of operations and frameworks the leaders are required to change for successfully implementing the change management framework in the business operations of the airline industry. Area Sub-divisions Justification Human factors training 1. Technical training 2. Safety training 3. Online learning community Training to the employees is required, and it is focused on the operational layer in the airline sector with an aim to reduce error and enhance the safety of the customers (Herrmann and Nadkarni, 2014). Development of system 1. Technical equipment 2. Additional of modern airline systems The system is developed in order to support a deployment of an integrated change management capability. Supporting the collaborative decision making 1. Development of system 2. Pilot implementation 3. Process map of turn-around process (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). The leaders take different types of decisions and management team in various areas so that it results in the successful development of airline system and pilot implementation. Link risk and performance across the flight ops 1. Development of web applications to capture daily work in an electronic format (Chen and Chen 2012). 2. Development of safety system changes framework Within the airline industry, there are various risks that the leaders should take a step to mitigate them (Tsui and Fung 2016). It improves the performance of the web applications and develops the safety framework so that the travelers should get the safe journey. Assess and facilitate change 1. Design of change management tool 2. Development of prototype interfaces Due to a use of a new technological system, the workers and employees working in the airline sector require making changes in their business processes (Tsui et al. 2014). Revenue management 1. Understanding the revenue management framework (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). 2. Calculation of the return on investment The airline industry should control their revenue by seeking to optimize short-term profitability throughout dynamic pricing. Communication skills 1. Decision making 2. Safety of the travelers 3. Written and oral communication (Johnson 2016). An effective communication skill among the leaders is a basic requirement in the airline operational contexts, and it is a requisite to safety (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The written communication consists of flight manuals, planning of flights, operational bulletins, and checklists. Oral communication is required for removing the issues within the industry (Grant 2016). Management skills 1. Behavioral and controllable 2. Interrelated and overlapping The managers and leaders should have identifiable sets of actions that they can perform to get certain outcomes. The performance of the behaviors should be kept control (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). In order to motivate others to work, the leaders should have supportive, empowerment as well as self-awareness skills to overlap and support others. Section 4: Strength and areas of development Critically evaluate the organizational change and development as a leader and manager in airline industry An adaptive work environment is required leader and manager in order to control protection, conflict as well as policy and norms in the airline transport system (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). The leaders and managers should operate co-creatively; therefore, they require giving priority to the requirements of the customers. McAfee et al. (2012) stated that too many leaders should make a mistake of thinking that they can change the behavior of individuals by making a change in the culture. In the airline industry, a cross-functional team could able to develop as well as implement an improvement plan so that they can improve motivation as well as promote an effective communication skill by expanding the scope of a job of workers and their involvement in airline planning (Herrmann and Nadkarni 2014). The airports serve an access point to the private air transportation industry. Thus it provides service to the public. Even the airline industry should have no control over the type of equipment and workers to maintain control over the business operations. The managers and leaders are facing rapid change in the airline industry. Globalization has increased the opportunities for growth as well as revenue (Johnson 2016). The main systematic way to expand in the airline market is to control the cost as well as revenue. Scrutiny of the stakeholders has also increased, as some of the leaders should take illegal actions in the companies (Lo, Wan and Zhang 2015). The capability to manage while continuing in order to meet with stakeholders need is required skill by them. Sometimes, merger among the airline industries in Hong Kong will result in business opportunities as well as growth prospects (Tsui and Fung 2016). The following are some of the areas of change and development by leaders and managers: Air service development program: Both managers as well as leaders to make decisions develop the air service development program (Tsui et al. 2014). It is required to understand how they while designing of the air service development program takes the air service decisions. Financial area of development: Financial incentives are offered to the air carriers for their new services. When they are provided with new services in the airline industry, there is a requirement of a host of costs associated with the establishment of the new ground station such as training of new workers (Xiao et al. 2016). The airline industry is charged for use of property such as fees of landing, terminal rental fees, and others. The start-up cost for the air carrier is $200,000. Improvement in data analytics: There is huge pile of data, which contains crucial information about the passenger's profiles, as well as preferences that are leveraged by the airline industry in order to develop the offerings of product and services (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). The leader should predict the needs of the customers as well as their preferences by analyzing the historical data of the customers. The sales and marketing are achieved with the help of the analytics of the data as well as information (Olson and Simerson 2015). With an capability to remove information from a enormous pile of data, it helps the managers and leaders to take business related decisions. Analytics is a rising planned enabler for the airline business industry. Changing course in the revenue generator: Rise in the price of fuel, as well as an increase in competitions, are biting the revenue generator potential to the global airline business. Therefore, the airline industry explores new ways to change the course of the revenue generator. Some of the strategies that are taken by both managers as well as leaders are selling ancillary services across the value chain (Song, van der Veen and Chen 2012). The ancillary route is considered as an important revenue generator for the airline industry. The services consist of paying for checking baggage, booking for seats, connectivity of Wi-Fi (Tsui and Fung 2016). The leaders are taking revenue integrity program so that they can cut across various processes such as ticketing processes, e-ticketing as well as customer relationship management. Crew resource management: It is used to set the training procedures for reducing human errors. It also improves over air safety; customer relationship management focuses on interpersonal communication, decision-making as well as leadership (Ha et al. 2013). Switch to digital: No technological development gives impact on the transportation of air than an adoption of electronic formats for regulatory as well as tracking documents (De Neufville et al. 2013). The switch to the digital documentation has made the business operations of the airline industry faster as well as flexible. The managers, as well as leaders, are racing to keep the airline industry with latest technological development (Wong, Lau and Chan 2013). Technology has evolved rapidly, and it brings various changes within the airline industry. In this modern world, the use of the digital technology changes the business operations of the airline industry and makes their operation easier as well as efficient (Belobaba, Odoni and Barnhart 2015). Therefore, the managers, as well as leaders, are more focused on implementation of new ticketing system and biometric u-Immigration system (Hackman and Johnson 2013). The other digital systems are biometric u-Boarding gate; boarding pass free u-departure gate for machine-readable passports provides customized airport information to the travelers. References Belobaba, P., Odoni, A. and Barnhart, C., 2015.The global airline industry. John Wiley Sons. Booth, S.A., 2015.Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Cameron, E. and Green, M., 2015.Making sense of change management: a complete guide to the models, tools and techniques of organizational change. Kogan Page Publishers. Chen, C.F. and Chen, S.C., 2012. Scale development of safety management system evaluation for the airline industry.Accident Analysis Prevention,47, pp.177-181. Chen, P.T. and Hu, H.H.S., 2013. The mediating role of relational benefit between service quality and customer loyalty in airline industry.Total Quality Management Business Excellence,24(9-10), pp.1084-1095. De Neufville, R., Odoni, A., Belobaba, P. and Reynolds, T., 2013.Airport systems: planning, design and management. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary strategy analysis: Text and cases edition. John Wiley Sons. Ha, H.K., Wan, Y., Yoshida, Y. and Zhang, A., 2013. Airline market structure and airport efficiency: Evidence from major Northeast Asian airports.Journal of Air Transport Management,33, pp.32-42. Hackman, M.Z. and Johnson, C.E., 2013.Leadership: A communication perspective. Waveland Press. Herrmann, P. and Nadkarni, S., 2014. Managing strategic change: The duality of CEO personality.Strategic management journal,35(9), pp.1318-1342. Jenatabadi, H.S., 2013. Introduction latent variables for estimating airline assessment.International Journal of Business and Management,8(18), p.78. Johnson, V., 2016. Leading the historical enterprise: strategic creativity, planning, and advocacy of the digital age.Archives and Records,37(1), pp.84-86. Lo, W.W.L., Wan, Y. and Zhang, A., 2015. Empirical estimation of price and income elasticities of air cargo demand: The case of Hong Kong.Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice,78, pp.309-324. McAfee, A., Brynjolfsson, E., Davenport, T.H., Patil, D.J. and Barton, D., 2012. Big data.The management revolution. Harvard Bus Rev,90(10), pp.61-67. Olson, A.K. and Simerson, B.K., 2015.Leading with Strategic Thinking: Four Ways Effective Leaders Gain Insight, Drive Change, and Get Results. John Wiley Sons. Quinn, D., Amer, Y., Lonie, A., Blackmore, K., Thompson, L. and Pettigrove, M., 2012. Leading change: Applying change management approaches to engage students in blended learning.Australasian Journal of Educational Technology,28(1), pp.16-29. Robinson, P., Fallon, P., Cameron, H. and Crotts, J.C. eds., 2016.Operations management in the travel industry. CABI. Song, H., van der Veen, R., Li, G. and Chen, J.L., 2012. The Hong Kong tourist satisfaction index.Annals of Tourism Research,39(1), pp.459-479. Sze, C.M., In, L.W., Ngai, L. and Yan, O.W., 2015. Budget Airline Industry in Hong Kong.International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance,6(2), p.129. Tsui, W.H.K. and Fung, M.K.Y., 2016. Analysing passenger network changes: The case of Hong Kong.Journal of Air Transport Management,50, pp.1-11. Tsui, W.H.K. and Fung, M.K.Y., 2016. Causality between business travel and trade volumes: Empirical evidence from Hong Kong.Tourism Management,52, pp.395-404. Tsui, W.H.K., Balli, H.O., Gilbey, A. and Gow, H., 2014. Forecasting of Hong Kong airport's passenger throughput.Tourism Management,42, pp.62-76. Wong, W.K., Lau, C.S. and Chan, P.W., 2013. Aviation model: a fine-scale numerical weather prediction system for aviation applications at the Hong Kong international airport.Advances in Meteorology,2013. Xiao, Y., Liu, Y., Liu, J.J., Xiao, J. and Hu, Y., 2016. Oscillations extracting for the management of passenger flows in the airport of Hong Kong.Transportmetrica A: Transport Science,12(1), pp.65-79.

Introduction to Mass Communication Assignment Essay Example

Introduction to Mass Communication Assignment Essay Business idea supports this vision by offering a wide range of ell-designed, functional home furnishing products at prices so low that as many people as possible will be able to afford them. This advertisement is about the a kitchen activities organized by KEA Singapore, concept is Keep the relationship, KEA believe relationships are meant to last, that is why KEA kitchens are guaranteed for 25 years. KEA hope people can keep the relationship with their family members and friends. At the same time, people get the awards. Target Audience The advertisement targets people of two different class groups, the first rope are the urban middle class working adults, their age between 22-45 years old, they have independent economic capacity, who can accept the philosophy of design and way of life in KEA kitchen products. The second groups are the people who just bought the house, they do not have specific age level, maybe they are old people, and they will update their old kitchen to be new, because KEA has more than 3,000 design solutions. Message Through sentences on the advertisement, KEA use the sentences to introduce this activity, how to join this activity and awards. They use a very motional and skeptical sentence as begin, We believe relationships are meant to last, I think the KEA want to say, in todays society, everyone is busy, some people make a living, some people in order to work, they may begin to slowly forget the past friends or classmates or even a family members. Can your relationship stand the test of time? 25 is a special number in this advertisement and activity. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Mass Communication Assignment specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Mass Communication Assignment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Mass Communication Assignment specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As we know, KEA kitchen has 43 years of history, 25 hours cook-off is represent 25 years, that is KEA kitchens are guaranteed for 25 years, the time also about the live of itched. At the same time, KEA wants to pass a message to public, KEA kitchens are guaranteed for 25 years, but for the people relationship, how many numbers of 25 years do you have? Meaning is we need to cherish our friendship. They show 18 kinds of innovative kitchen products around the sentence, meaning is telling the public this advertisement is about kitchen products. As we know, the most of KEA products are DID (Do it yourself) products, you need to assemble it by your self. Like this activity, cooking competition, also do it yourself, close to the philosophy of KEA. Placement of advertisement For this advertisement is on the Today newspaper, Today newspaper is a free newspaper to the public, KEA advertisement is on the page 7, right slide on the newspaper. I have 2 opinions about advertisement placed. Firstly, Peoples reading habits. Today newspaper as a free newspaper gives to the public in MR. station, people passing the table. Just take newspaper and continues to go. Or people are reading the newspaper while walking, they find the main news to read, maybe they do not read all the pages. So, in the iron 7 pages of Today newspaper, KEA has 3 pages advertisements, a cross- page advertisement (mm*mm) and a full-page advertisement (mm*mm), when the people open the newspaper, very strong visual feeling to the readers. Secondly, nature of the activity. For this advertisement, KEA only want to present an idea through this activity, they hope people to know this activity. At this page, they hope to have a strong effect of publicity. Effects of the messages on the target audience For this KEA advertisement, it adhere the Nordic simple, fresh, natural sensing style, advertisement direct tell the reader, and we have this activity. KEA spread by word of mouth advertising has affected a large part of the people, especially the young consumer grog AS. For the people, get the prize money is not the most important, KEA as a Europe company, they are more focus on humans emotion, people need communication, KEA organizes this event, hope to awaken emotional understanding of people. Encourage people communicate with old friends, they hope cooking with friends or family members together, find out the emotion between themselves. Cooking with friends or family members together in KEA kitchen, an activity becomes a memory, it is easier to be retained in the minds of the audience, which will help the audience with KEA Business, and remember KEA brand. So, it is not just make closer the relationship be;en friends, also make closer relationship between the friends and the KEA, when the people need any kitchen services or products, KEA is their first choice. Messages have been effectively communicated In my opinion, the idea of KEA advertisement has been effectively communicated to the target audience. Firstly, KEA target audience is close Today newspaper target audience, KEA focus on middle-class people and young adults, Today newspaper focus on all kinds of people, middle-class people and young dad Its are only a part of target audience of Today newspaper. Secondly, KEA target audience age level is similar with Today newspaper, most of Today newspaper readers are 20-50 years old, KEA kitchen product target group aged 25-45 years old. Therefore, in same age level, peoples idea also similar. Conclusion In conclusion, this advertisement passes the message to the public, clean argue audience group.

Earthquake Power Essays

Earthquake Power Essays Earthquake Power Essay Earthquake Power Essay Essay Topic: The Hobbit The magnitude 6. 3 (ML) earthquake[1] struck the Canterbury region in New Zealands South Island at 12:51 pm on Tuesday, 22 February 2011 local time (23:51 21 February UTC). [1][9] The earthquake was centred 2 kilometres (1. 2 mi) west of the port town of Lyttelton, and 10 kilometres (6 mi) south-east of the centre of Christchurch, New Zealands second-most populous city. [1] It followed nearly six months after the magnitude 7. 1 Canterbury earthquake of 4 September 2010, which caused significant damage to Christchurch and the central Canterbury region, but no direct fatalities.The earthquake caused widespread damage across Christchurch, especially in the central city and eastern suburbs, with damage exacerbated by buildings and infrastructure already being weakened by the 4 September 2010 earthquake and its aftershocks. Significant liquefaction affected the eastern suburbs, producing around 400,000 tonnes of silt. The shallow earthquake was reported to be felt across the South Island and the lower and central North Island. While the initial quake only last around 10 seconds, the vicinity and depth of its location to Christchurch in addition to the previous quakes were the reason for so much destruction.In total, 185 people were killed in the earthquake,[6][7] making it the second-deadliest natural disaster recorded in New Zealand (after the 1931 Hawkes Bay earthquake), and fourth-deadliest disaster of any kind recorded in New Zealand, with nationals from more than 20 countries among the victims. [10] Over half of the deaths occurred in the six-storey Canterbury Television (CTV) Building, which collapsed and caught fire in the quake. The government declared a state of national emergency, which stayed in force until 30 April 2011. 11] The total cost to insurers of rebuilding was originally estimated at NZ$15 billion. [12][13] At that point it was already predicted to be by far New Zealands costliest natural disaster, and the third-costliest earthquake (nominally) worldwide. [14] But by April 2013, the total estimated cost had ballooned to $40 billion. [15] Some economists have estimated it will take the New Zealand economy 50 to 100 years to completely recover. [16] The earthquake was the most damaging in a year-long earthquake swarm affecting the Christchurch area.It was followed by a large aftershock on 13 June (which caused considerable additional damage) and a series of large shock s on 23 December 2011. Contents [hide] * 1 Geology * 1. 1 Main aftershocks since 22 February 2011 * 1. 2 Canterbury region long-term probabilities * 2 Emergency management * 2. 1 Police * 2. 2 Search and rescue * 2. 3 Defence forces * 2. 4 Medical response * 2. 5 Humanitarian and welfare * 2. 6 Infrastructure and support * 3 Casualties, damage, and other effects * 3. 1 Casualties * 3. 1. 1 Animal casualties * 3. 2 Buildings affected * 3. 3 Suburbs * 3. 4 Beyond Christchurch 3. 5 Christchurch International Airport * 3. 6 Sport * 4 Response * 4. 1 International * 4. 2 Fundraising and charity events * 4. 3 Memorial services * 4. 4 Commission of Inquiry * 5 Recovery * 5. 1 Canterbury Earthquake Recovery Authority * 5. 2 Housing * 5. 3 Schools and universities * 6 Economic impact * 7 Cancellation of 2011 census * 8 See also * 9 References * 10 Further reading * 11 External links Geology[edit source | editbeta] Earthquake intensity map Location of the 12:51pm quake epicentre within Christ church The 6. 3 quake was probably an aftershock of the 7. -magnitude 4 September 2010 Canterbury earthquake. While New Zealands GNS Science describe it as technically an aftershock of the earlier event, other seismologists, including those from USA and Geoscience Australia, consider it a separate event, given its location on a separate fault system. [17][18] The earthquake has generated a significant series of its own aftershocks, many of which are considered big for a 6. 3 quake. [19] 361+ aftershocks (magnitude 3+ foreshocks incl) were experienced in the first week, the largest measuring magnitude 5. 9, which occurred just under 2 hours after the main shock. [20] A 5. -magnitude aftershock on 16 April,[21] the largest for several weeks, caused further damage, including power cuts and several large rock falls. [22] Another aftershock hit the Christchurch region on 10 May 2011 from the Greendale fault measuring 5. 3 magnitude. It cut power for a few minutes and caused further damag e to buildings in the city centre. No deaths or injuries were reported. It was felt as far away as Dunedin and Greymouth. [23] On 6 June, a large aftershock occurred, measuring 5. 5 on the Richter scale. The shake was felt as far away as Kaikoura and Oamaru. [22] A series of aftershocks occurred on 13 June.A tremor of 5. 7 was felt at 1 pm NZT, with depth of 9 km and an epicentre at Taylors Mistake,[24] followed by a 6. 3 tremor just over an hour later, with a depth of 6 km, located 10 km east of the city. [25] Power was cut to around 54,000 homes, with further damage and liquefaction in already weakened areas. The Lyttelton Timeball Station collapsed[26] and Christchurch Cathedral sustained more damage. At least 46 people were reported injured. [27] Initial reports suggest the earthquake occurred at a depth of 5 kilometres (3 mi); further analysis of seismic data might result in a revision of that depth. 19] Early reports suggested that it occurred on a previously unknown faultline running 17 km east-west from Scarborough Hill in South Eastern Christchurch to Halswell, at depths of 3–12 km,[28] but the Institute of Professional Engineers have since stated that GNS Science believe that the earthquake arose from the rupture of an 8 x 8 km fault running east-northeast at a depth of 1–2 km depth beneath the southern edge of the Avon-Heathcote Estuary and dipping southwards at an angle of about 65 degrees from the horizontal beneath the Port Hills. [29] Although the rupture was subsurface (i. . did not break the surface), satellite images indicate the net displacement of the land south of the fault was 50 cm westwards and upwards; the land movement would have been greater during the quake. [30] Land movement is varied around the area horizontally- in both east and west directions- and vertically; the Port Hills have been raised by 40 cm. [31] Satellite picture showing shaking strength (click to enlarge) The quake was a strike-slip event with oblique motion- mostly horizontal movement with some vertical movement[32]- with reverse thrust (i. . vertical movement upwards). [3] The vertical acceleration was far greater than the horizontal acceleration. [32] The intensity felt in Christchurch was MM VIII. [33] The peak ground acceleration (PGA) in central Christchurch exceeded 1. 8g (i. e. 1. 8 times the acceleration of gravity),[34] with the highest recording 2. 2g, at Heathcote Valley Primary School,[3] a shaking intensity equivalent to MM X+. [35] This is the highest PGA ever recorded in New Zealand; the highest reading during the September 2010 event was 1. 26g, recorded near Darfield. 34] The PGA is also one of the greatest ever ground accelerations recorded in the world,[36] and was unusually high for a 6. 3 quake. [19] and the highest in a vertical direction. [37] The central business district (CBD) experienced PGAs in the range of 0. 574 and 0. 802 g. [38] In contrast, the 7. 0 Mw 2010 Haiti earthquake had an estimated PGA of 0. 5g. [36] The acceleration occurred mainly in a vertical direction,[32] with eyewitness accounts of people being tossed into the air. [36] The upwards (positive acceleration) was greater than the downwards, which had a maximum recording of 0. g; the maximum recorded horizontal acceleration was 1. 7g[37] The force of the quake was statistically unlikely to occur more than once in 1000 years, according to one seismic engineer, with a PGA greater than many modern buildings were designed to withstand. [39] New Zealand building codes require a building with a 50-year design life to withstand predicted loads of a 500-year event; initial reports by GNS Science suggest ground motion considerably exceeded even 2500-year design motions,[40] beyond maximum considered events (MCE). 41] By comparison, the 2010 quake- in which damage was predominantly to pre-1970s buildings- exerted 65% of the design loading on buildings. [39] The acceleration experienced in February 2011 would totally flatten most world cities, causing massive loss of life; in Christchurch, New Zealands stringent building codes limited the disaster. [18] However, the most severe shaking lasted only 12 seconds, which perhaps prevented more extensive damage. [41] It is also possible that seismic lensing contributed to the ground effect, with the seismic waves rebounding off the hard basalt of the Port Hills back into the city. 28] Geologists reported liquefaction was worse than the 2010 quake. [32] The quake also caused significant landslips and rockfalls on the Port Hills. [32] Although smaller in magnitude than the 2010 quake, the earthquake was more damaging and deadly for a number of reasons. The epicentre was closer to Christchurch, and shallower at 5 kilometres (3 mi) underground, whereas the September quake was measured at 10 kilometres (6 mi) deep. The February earthquake occurred during lunchtime on a weekday when the CBD was busy, and many buildings were already weakened from the previous quakes . 42][43] The PGA was extremely high, and simultaneous vertical and horizontal ground movement was almost impossible for buildings to survive intact. [32] Liquefaction was significantly greater than that of the 2010 quake, causing the upwelling of more than 200,000 tonnes of silt[44][45] which needed to be cleared. The increased liquefaction caused significant ground movement, undermining many foundations and destroying infrastructure, damage which may be the greatest ever recorded anywhere in a modern city. [29] 80% of the water and sewerage system was severely damaged. 41] While both the 2010 and 2011 earthquakes occurred on blind or unknown faults, New Zealands Earthquake Commission had, in a 1991 report, predicted moderate earthquakes in Canterbury with the likelihood of associated liquefaction. [18][46] According to GNS Science seismologists, the energy released in Christchurch was equivalent to a magnitude 6. 7 earthquake. [47] On 13 June 2011, two major aftershocks measuring 5. 7 and 6. 3 struck the region, causing further damage, liquefaction and 10 injuries in and around Christchurch. [48] These were followed by a magnitude 5. quake at a depth of 8 km and centred 10 km south-west of Christchurch at 10:34 pm on 21 June 2011. [49] Main aftershocks since 22 February 2011[edit source | editbeta] Below is a list of all aftershocks of Richter,Moment amp; Body-wave Magnitudes 5. 0 and above that have hit Christchurch since the 22 February 2011 earthquake. [50] Date| Time| Richter Magnitude| Moment Magnitude| Body-wave Magnitude| Earthquake Epicentre| Depth (km)| Depth (miles)| Modified Mercalli| 22 February 2011| 12:51 pm| 6. 3| 6. 2| 6. 3| 10 km south of Christchurch| 5. 0 km| 3. 1 miles| X.Intense| 22 February 2011| 1:04 pm| 5. 8| 5. 5| 5. 5| 10 km south of Christchurch| 5. 9 km| 3. 6 miles| VII. Very Strong| 22 February 2011| 2:50 pm| 5. 9| 5. 6| 5. 6| Within 5 km of Lyttelton| 6. 72 km| 4. 1 miles| VII. Very Strong| 22 February 2011| 2:51 pm| 5. 1| 4. 5| 4. 4| Within 5 km of Lyttelton| 7. 3 km| 4. 5 miles| VI. Strong| 22 February 2011| 4:04 pm| 5. 0| 4. 5| 4. 4| Within 5 km of Christchurch| 12. 0 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 22 February 2011| 7:43 pm| 5. 0| 4. 4| 4. 5| 20 km south-east of Christchurch| 12. 0 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 5 March 2011| 7:34 pm| 5. 0| 4. 6| 4. | 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 9. 5 km| 5. 9 miles| VI. Strong| 20 March 2011| 9:47 pm| 5. 1| 4. 5| 4. 5| 10 km east of Christchurch| 11. 83 km| 7. 3 miles| VI. Strong| 16 April 2011| 5:49 pm| 5. 3| 5. 0| 5. 2| 20 km south-east of Christchurch| 10. 6 km| 6. 5 miles| VI. Strong| 30 April 2011| 7:04 am| 5. 2| 4. 9| 4. 7| 60 km north-east of Christchurch| 8. 7 km| 5. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 10 May 2011| 3:04 am| 5. 2| 4. 9| 5. 0| 20 km west of Christchurch| 14. 4 km| 8. 9 miles| VI. Strong| 6 June 2011| 9:09 am| 5. 5| 5. 1| 5. 1| 20 km south-west of Christchurch| 8. 1 km| 5. 0 miles| VI.Strong| Date| Time| Richter Magnitude (ML)| Moment Magnitude (Mw)| Body-wave Ma gnitude (Mb)| Earthquake Epicentre| Depth (km)| Depth (miles)| Modified Mercalli| 13 June 2011| 1:00 pm| 5. 9| 5. 3| 5. 0| 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 8. 9 km| 5. 5 miles| VIII. Destructive| 13 June 2011| 2:20 pm| 6. 4| 5. 9| 6. 0| 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 6. 9 km| 4. 2 miles| IX. Violent| 13 June 2011| 2:21 pm| 5. 1| 4. 8| 4. 8| 10 km south-east of Christchurch| 10. 2 km| 6. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 15 June 2011| 6:27 am| 5. 2| 4. 8| 5. 0| 20 km south-east of Christchurch| 5. 8 km| 3. 5 miles| VI.Strong| 21 June 2011| 10:34 pm| 5. 4| 5. 2| 5. 2| 10 km south-west of Christchurch| 8. 3 km| 5. 2 miles| VI. Strong| 22 July 2011| 5:39 am| 5. 3| 4. 7| 4. 7| 40 km west of Christchurch| 12 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| 2 September 2011| 3:29 am| 5. 0| 4. 6| 4. 5| 10 km east of Lyttelton| 7. 6 km| 4. 7 miles| VI. Strong| 9 October 2011| 8:34 pm| 5. 5| 4. 9| 5. 0| 10 km north-east of Diamond Harbour| 12. 0 km| 7. 4 miles| VI. Strong| Date| Time| Richter Magnitude (ML)| Moment Magnit ude (Mw)| Body-wave Magnitude (Mb)| Earthquake Epicentre| Depth (km)| Depth (miles)| Modified Mercalli| 23 December 2011| 1:58 pm| 5. | 5. 8| 5. 8| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 8 km| 4. 9 miles| VIII. Destructive| 23 December 2011| 2:06 pm| 5. 3| 5. 4| 5. 4| 21 km east-north-east of Christchurch| 10. 1 km| 6. 2 miles| VII. Very Strong| 23 December 2011| 3:18 pm| 6. 2| 6. 0| 5. 9| 10 km north of Lyttelton| 6 km| 3. 7 miles| VIII. Destructive| 23 December 2011| 4:50 pm| 5. 1| 4. 7| 4. 8| 20 km east of Christchurch| 10 km| 6. 2 miles| VI. Strong| 24 December 2011| 6:37 am| 5. 1| 4. 9| 5. 1| 10 km east of Akaroa| 9 km| 5. 5 miles| VI. Strong| 2 January 2012| 1:27 am| 5. 1| 4. 8| 4. 9| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 13. 3 km| 8. 2 miles| VI.Strong| 2 January 2012| 5:45 am| 5. 3| | | 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 13. 5 km| 8. 3 miles| VII. Very Strong| 2 January 2012| 5:45 am| 5. 6| 5. 1| 5. 1| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 13. 5 km| 8. 3 miles| VII. Very Strong| 6 January 2012| 2:22 am| 5. 0| 4. 5| 4. 6| 20 km north-east of Lyttelton| 6. 7 km| 4. 0 miles| VI. Very Strong| 7 January 2012| 1:21 am| 5. 3| 4. 8| 5. 0| 20 km east of Christchurch| 8. 4 km| 5. 2 miles| VI. Strong| 15 January 2012| 2:47 am| 5. 1| 4. 6| 4. 5| 10 km east of Christchurch| 5. 8 km | 3. 6 miles| VI. Strong| This table is being constantly updated, and upgrades and downgrades may happen.Canterbury region long-term probabilities[edit source | editbeta] One month: 9 November 2012 – 8 December 2012| Magnitude Range| Expected Range| Expected Average| Probability| 5. 0 5. 4| 0 1| 0. 12| 11%| 5. 5 5. 9| 0 1| 0. 033| 3%| 6. 0 6. 4| 0 1| 0. 009| 1%| 6. 5 6. 9| 0 1| 0. 0025| lt;1%| 7. 0 7. 9| 0 1| 0. 0009| lt;1%| One year: 9 November 2012 – 8 November 2013| Magnitude Range| Expected Range| Expected Average| Probability| 5. 0 5. 4| 0 4| 1. 2| 69%| 5. 5 5. 9| 0 2| 0. 34| 29%| 6. 0 6. 4| 0 1| 0. 093| 9%| 6. 5 6. 9| 0 1| 0. 025| 2%| 7. 0 7. 9| 0 1| 0. 009| 1%|This table w as last updated on November 14, 2012 Information in the tables above is sourced from GNS Science, New Zealand. [50] Emergency management[edit source | editbeta] In the immediate moments following the quake, ordinary citizens and those emergency services on duty responded and initiated rescues. Although communications proved difficult initially (it took many hours to obtain a full picture of the devastation) a full emergency management structure was in place within two hours, with national coordination operating from the National Crisis Management Centre bunker in the Beehive in Wellington. 51] Regional emergency operations command was established in the Christchurch Art Gallery, a modern earthquake-proofed building in the centre of the city which had sustained only minor damage. [52] On 23 February the Minister of Civil Defence, John Carter declared the situation a state of national emergency,[53] the countrys first for a civil defence emergency (the only other one was for the 1951 waterfront dispute). [54] As per the protocols of New Zealands Coordinated Incident Management System and the Civil Defence Emergency Management Act, the Civil Defence became lead agency- with Air Vice Marshal John Hamilton as National Controller.His alternate was Steve Brazier, Director of the Security and Risk Group at the Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. They were supported by New Zealand Police, Fire Service, Defence Force and many other agencies and organisations. [55] One experienced international USAR team member described the response as the best-organised emergency he had witnessed. [56] The Government response was immediate and significant, with many departments and ministries involved.Cabinet Minister Gerry Brownlees regular portfolios were distributed amongst other cabinet ministers, so he could focus solely on earthquake recovery. [57] After a brief sitting, when a National Emergency was declared, Parliament was adjourned until 8 March so cabinet could work on earthquake recovery. [58] Prime Minister John Key and other ministers regularly visited Christchurch, supporting Christchurch mayor Bob Parker, who was heavily involved in the emergency management and became the face of the city, despite his own injuries and family concerns. 59] Both COGIC (French Civil Protection)[60] and the American USGS requested the activation of the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters on the behalf of MCDEM New Zealand, thus readily providing satellite imagery for aid and rescue services. [61] Police[edit source | editbeta] Christchurch Police were supplemented by staff and resources from around the country, along with a 300-strong contingent of Australian Police, who were sworn in as New Zealand Police on their arrival, bringing the total officers in the city to 1200. 62] Alongside regular duties, the police provided security cordons, organised evacuations, supported search and rescue teams, missing persons and family liaison, and organised media briefings and tours of the affected areas. They also provided forensic analysis and evidence gathering at fatalities and Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) teams, working closely with pathologists, forensic dentists and scientists, and the coroner at the emergency mortuary established at Burnham Military Camp. [63] They were aided by DVI teams from Australia, UK, Thailand[64] Taiwan and Israel. 63] They follow international best practice for victim identification after disasters- which is extremely thorough to ensure correct identification- and have assistance from the Interpol DVI chair. [65][66] New Zealand Police requested 300 police from Australia for non-rescue tasks such as traffic control, general policing duties and to prevent looting. The contingent was formed by 200 from the New South Wales Police Force,[67] 50 from the Australian Federal Police[68] and others from Queensland, Victoria and South Australia state police forces. 69] In total, 323 Australian police, i ncluding DVI officers, were sent. [70][71] Following their arrival on 25 February, they were briefed on New Zealand law and procedure and the emergency regulations before being sworn in as temporary constables, giving them complete New Zealand policing powers. [69][72] Many of them received standing ovations from appreciative locals as they walked through Christchurch Airport upon arrival. [73] The first contingent remained in New Zealand for two weeks, after which they were replaced by a further contingent. 72] While serving in New Zealand, the Australian officers would not carry guns, since New Zealand police are a routinely unarmed force; the officers would instead be equipped with standard New Zealand issue batons and capsicum spray. [73][74] It was the first time in 170 years that Australian police have patrolled in New Zealand. [72] Following a rotation of staff, police were present from all Australian states and territories as well as Federal Police, the first time representa tives from all Australian forces have worked together on a single operation. [75] Search and rescue[edit source | editbeta]A Japanese search and rescue team approaches the ruins of the CTV building. The New Zealand Fire Service coordinated search and rescue, particularly the Urban Search and Rescue (USAR) teams from New Zealand and Australia, UK, USA, Japan, Taiwan, China and Singapore, totalling 150 personnel from New Zealand and 429 from overseas. [56] They also responded to fires, serious structural damage reports, and land slips working with structural engineers, seismologists and geologists, as well as construction workers, crane and digger operators and demolition experts.A team of 72 urban search and rescue specialists from New South Wales, Australia was sent to Christchurch on a RAAF C-130 Hercules, arriving 12 hours after the quake, with another team of 70 (along with three sniffer dogs) from Queensland sent the following day. [76] A team of 55 Disaster Assistance and Rescu e Team members from the Singapore Civil Defence Force were sent. [77] The United States sent Urban Search and Rescue California Task Force 2, a 74-member heavy rescue team consisting of firefighters and paramedics from the Los Angeles County Fire Department, doctors, engineers and 26 tons of pre-packaged rescue equipment. 78][79] Japan sent 70 search-and-rescue personnel including specialists from the coastguard, police and fire fighting service, as well as three sniffer dogs. [80] The team left New Zealand earlier than planned due to the 9. 0 earthquake which struck their homeland on 11 March. [81] The United Kingdom sent a 53 strong search and rescue team including 9 Welsh firefighters who had assisted the rescue effort during the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. [82] Taiwan sent a 22-member team from the National Fire Agency, along with 2 tons of specialist search and rescue equipment. [83][84] China sent a 10-member specialist rescue team. 85] Defence forces[edit source | editbeta] The Ne w Zealand Defence Force- staging their largest operation on New Zealand soil[86]- provided logistics, equipment, transport, airbridges, evacuations, supply and equipment shipments, survey of the Port and harbour, and support to the agencies, including meals; they assisted the Police with security, and provided humanitarian aid particularly to Lyttleton, which was isolated from the city in the first days. [87] Over 1400 Army, Navy and Air Force personnel were involved,[88] and Territorials (Army Reserve) were called up. 89] They were supplemented by 116 soldiers from the Singapore Army, in Christchurch for a training exercise at the time of the earthquake, who assisted in the cordon of the city. [77][90] HMNZS Canterbury provided aid to Lyttelton residents isolated by the quake. The Royal New Zealand Air Force provided an air bridge between Christchurch and Wellington using a Boeing 757 and two C-130 Hercules,and bringing in emergency crews and equipment and evacuating North Island residents and tourists out of Christchurch. Three RNZAF Bell UH-1 Iroquois helicopters were also used to transport Police, VIPs and aid to locations around Christchurch.RNZAF Beech King Air aircraft were also used to evacuate people from Christchurch. The crew of the Navy ship Canterbury, in Lyttelton harbour at the time of the earthquake, provided meals for 1,000 people left homeless in that town,[91] and accommodation for a small number of locals. [92] The Royal Australian Air Force also assisted with air lifts. On one of their journeys, an RAAF Hercules sustained minor damage in an aftershock. [93] The army also operated desalination plants to provide water to the eastern suburbs. [94] Medical response[edit source | editbeta]Australias foreign minister Kevin Rudd told Sky News that New Zealands Foreign Affairs Minister Murray McCully had asked for further help from Australia. He said Australia would send counsellors over and a disaster medical assistance team comprising 23 emerge ncy and surgical personnel. [95] A field hospital providing 75 beds arrived 24 February. [76] Set up in the badly affected eastern suburbs, it was equipped to provide triage, emergency care, maternity, dentistry and isolation tents for gastroenteritis, and also provide primary care since most general practices in the area were unable to open. 96] Humanitarian and welfare[edit source | editbeta] Humanitarian support and welfare were provided by various agencies, in particular the New Zealand Red Cross and the Salvation Army. Welfare Centres and support networks were established throughout the city. Government Departments, such as WINZ and Housing New Zealand established contact with as many people as possible and provided grants and assistance. Many church and community-led projects also became established. The scale of the disaster meant many people went some days without official contact, so neighbourhoods and streets were encouraged to attend to those around them.Official visitati on teams were organised by Civil Defence, with aim of visiting every household; the teams, which assessed homes and welfare needs, and passed on official information, included structural engineers or assessors from EQC. The primarily wilderness all-volunteer search and rescue organisation, LandSAR, deployed 530 people to the city to perform welfare checks. Over the course of a week, LandSAR teams visited 67,000 premisis. [97] Workers try to restore water service Infrastructure and support[edit source | editbeta] Businesses and organisations contributed massively to the initial rescue, recovery and emergency infrastructure.Orion, Christchurchs electricity distribution lines company, assisted by other lines companies from New Zealand, worked constantly to restore power. The 66 kV subtransmission cables supplying Dallington and New Brighton zone substations from Transpowers Bromley substation were damaged beyond repair, which necessitated the erection of temporary 66 kV overhead lines from Bromley to Dallington and Bromley to New Brighton to get power into the eastern suburbs. Such a project would usually take six or seven weeks but was completed in 2? days, with the resource consent process taking only 20 minutes. 98] Power had been restored to 82% of households within five days,[99] and to 95% within two weeks. [100] Generators were donated, and telephone companies established emergency communications and free calls. Water provision was worked on by companies and contractors, while Fonterra provided milk tankers to bring in water, the Army provided desalination plants, and bottled supplies were sent in by volunteers and companies. Mains water supply was re-established to 70% households within one week. [101] Waste water and sewerage systems had been severely damaged, so households had to establish emergency latrines.Over 2,000 portaloos and 5,000 chemical toilets from throughout New Zealand and overseas were brought in, with 20,000 more chemical toilets placed on order from the manufacturers. [100] Community laundries were set up in affected suburbs by Fisher and Paykel[102] and individuals. Portable shower units were also established in the eastern suburbs. [100] Many companies assisted with transport, particularly Air New Zealand, which operated extra flights of Boeing 747 aircraft to/from Auckland and Boeing 737/Airbus A320/Boeing 777 aircraft to/from Wellington to move people and supplies in and out of Christchurch.The airline also offered flights for Christchurch residents to and from Christchurch for NZ$ 50 one-way from any New Zealand, Australian and Pacific Island airport, and for NZ$400 one way from other international destinations for affected family-members. [103] Fundraising and support efforts were established throughout the country, with many individuals, community groups and companies providing food and services to the city, for welfare and clean up. Many impromptu initiatives gained significant traction.Thousands of people helped with the clean-up efforts- involving the removal of over 200,000 tonnes of liquefaction silt- including Canterbury Universitys Student Volunteer Army (created after the September quake but significantly enlarged) and the Federated Farmers Farmy Army. [104] The Rangiora Earthquake Express provided over 250 tonnes of water, medical supplies, and food, including hot meals, from nearby Rangiora by helicopter and truck. [105] Casualties, damage, and other effects[edit source | editbeta]The effect of liquefaction in North New Brighton, Christchurch A Central City Red Zone was established on the day of the earthquake as a public exclusion zone in the Christchurch Central City. Since February 2013, it was officially renamed the CBD Rebuild Zone by government agencies, but remained to be known as the Red Zone. It gradually shrank in size and the last cordons were removed on 30 June 2013, 859 days after the earthquake. [106][107][108] As of 3 May 2011, the New Zealand Police believed 181 people had died as a result of the earthquake, but a further four deaths were later judged by the coroner to have been due to the earthquake. 6] Of the 185 victims, 115 people were lost in the Canterbury Television building alone, while another 18 died in the collapse of PGC House, and eight were killed when masonry fell on Red Bus number 702 in Colombo Street. [7] An additional 28 people were killed in various places across the city centre, and twelve were killed in suburban Christchurch. [7] Due to the injuries sustained some bodies remained unidentified. [109] Between 6,600 and 6,800 people were treated for minor injuries (ECAN Review October 2011),[full citation needed] and Christchurch Hospital alone treated 220 major trauma cases connected to the quake. [110]Results of liquefaction. The fine washed-up sand solidifies after the water has run off. Rescue efforts continued for over a week, then shifted into recovery mode. The last survivor was pulled from the rubble the day a fter the quake. [111] At 5 pm local time on the day of the earthquake, Radio New Zealand reported that 80% of the city had no power. Water and wastewater services have been disrupted throughout the city, with authorities urging residents to conserve water and collect rainwater. It was expected that the State of Emergency Level 3, the highest possible in a regional disaster, would last for at least five days.Medical staff from the army were deployed. Road and bridge damage occurred and hampered rescue efforts. [112] Soil liquefaction and surface flooding also occurred. [113] Road surfaces were forced up by liquefaction, and water and sand were spewing out of cracks. [114] A number of cars were crushed by falling debris. [115] In the central city, two buses were crushed by falling buildings. [116] As the earthquake hit at the lunch hour, some people on the pavements were buried by collapsed buildings. [117] Casualties[edit source | editbeta]As of 8 September 2011, New Zealand Police h ad formally identified 177 deceased, and released the names of all 181 victims. In the list are people from fifteen different nationalities, including New Zealand, and the ages of the victims range from 5 weeks to 87 years. [7] Four victims could not be formally identified all of whom were recovered from the CTV Building. Coroner Matenga said, Any traces of DNA have been destroyed by the extremely high temperatures caused by the fire in the CTV building. [109] The nationalities of the deceased are:-[7] Country| Casualties| New Zealand – Christchurch Waimakariri amp; Selwyn – Lyttelton – Wellington – Other/Unknown| 97[118] 86 8 1 1 1| Japan| 28[118]| China| 23| Philippines| 9| Thailand| 6| Israel| 3| South Korea| 2| Canada Ireland Malaysia Romania[119] Serbia Taiwan (Republic of China) Turkey United States| 1 each| Total| 176| Animal casualties[edit source | editbeta] Animal welfare agencies reported that many pets were lost or distressed following the ear thquake. [120][121] SPCA rescue manager Blair Hillyard said his 12-strong team assisted urban search and rescue teams that encountered aggressive dogs while conducting house-to-house checks.The team also worked with animals in areas where humans had been evacuated and distributed animal food and veterinary supplies to families in need. Hillyard said that the situation for animals had been deteriorating because o

Crito Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crito Questions - Essay Example He also feel that it would be a shameful thing for Socrates to be publicly executed because he is no criminal. His other premise is that it is Socrates right to escape, in fact his duty since he has clearly been unjustly accused and imprisoned. Ans 2)Socrates had been imprisoned by the very people whom he was trying to help and educate. Although Socrates never believed that he was wise(one of his most famous quotes reflects this modesty) he had a method of cross questioning which became very famous because it destroyed the arguments that men gave in response to the questions he put to them. Although Socrates became very popular amongst a very powerful segment of Athenian society his tendency to question every thing including Athenian democracy won him the displeasure of many at the helm. According to an article written by Megan Worley three figures were specifically important in bringing the charges against Socrates, these were Anytus, Meletus, and Lycon. Ans 3) Winston Churchill was head of state for Great Britain at a very painful time in Europe’s history and he had to make a series of tough decisions. He is known for his inspirational leadership, and courageous decision making. I am of the opinion that both these men valued truth, dignity, awareness and justice, however Winston Churchill’s position as leader puts him in a decision where perhaps safety and victory for Britain is more important than truth and dignity. Although Socrates has developed a powerful following in Athens he does not have any nor does he apparently seek any political power. He does not feel responsible for leading Athens and this in a way leaves him free to make what he believes to be the morally right decision something that perhaps Winston Churchill did not have. Logos-‘Then, my friend, we must not regard what the many say of us: but what he, the one man who has

International business practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International business practice - Essay Example The force of this chronological approach, chiefly, in its enveloping financial dimensions, incessantly disseminate and intensify the inter-reliance attributes that associate communities, financial systems, and regions. It is not possible to locate any nation which is devoid of the cross-boundary flows of business, investment, citizenry, ideologies, and icons (Sumida, 2004). The laws of business are performed at the core of globalization’s transformations for the reason that it provides with and produces the ways in which the transactions and functions that are associated with the globalized business are formed and carried out, and simultaneously, assists in the formation of vicinity in which such transactions take place. There can be noticed widespread development of growingly influential, politically complicated and media confident international, regional, and national non-governmental organizations or the NGOs whose domestic or regional approaches tend to noticeably influenc e particular business projects, operations and administrative control of business procedures and services. There exists a widespread intervention of international economic organizations, chiefly, the World Bank Group and other regional development institutions, in private segment functions and infrastructure projects that are economized by global banking organizations (Sumida, 2004). According to Ohmae, Globalization has eaten away the constraints between domestic as well as global businesses, in the same way as it is changing the behavior of national boundaries setting apart once autonomous nation-states (Ohmae, 1990). This report discusses the factors associated with carrying out an international business, and settle on if at all

Skills for Academic Learning in Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Skills for Academic Learning in Law - Essay Example FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT 2: 40101/02 1. HARD COPY RESEARCH a. FIND THE CASE OF REVILL v NEWBERY [1996] GIVE THE CITATION FOR THE CASE AND EXPLAIN WHAT IT MEANS BRIEFLY STATE WHAT THE LEGAL ISSUES IN THE CASE ARE Citations are in two forms. One is the paper form and the citation for the above case in paper form is: Revill v Newbery [1996] 1 All ER 291 and it contains the following: 1. the heading of the case; 2. the number of the volume; 3. number of pages; and 4. the year in which the case was decided. Several cases decided by the courts are not printed. The reason is to avoid the expenditure of typesetting and printing. Only very important cases are printed. When the cases decided by the courts were printed on the Internet an overflow of information ensued.This resulted in trying to find out a neutral way to cite a case. (World Legal Information Institute, WorldLII). This normally has the following informations: The year in which the case was decided The title of the court in an abbreviated form; and The number of the decision. Thus, the above case can be cited as: Revill v Newbery (1996) 2 WLR 239 Legal issues of the case: The issues in Revill v Newberry [1996] 1 All ER 291, is that an aged allowance possessor was sleeping in his hut with a scattergun, to put off thieves. On discovering the plaintiff, attempting to break in, he shot his gun via a hole in the shed, hurting the plaintiff. At first occurrence, the defendant effectively raised the justification of ex turpi to keep away from the claim. Conversely, the Court of Appeal approved the plaintiff's prayer, assenting that the defendant was neglectful to have shot blindly at body height, without a caution or even shooting a forewarning shot into the air, and that the response was...(World Legal Information Institute, WorldLII). The issues in Revill v Newberry [1996] 1 All ER 291, is that an aged allowance possessor was sleeping in his hut with a scattergun, to put off thieves. On discovering the plaintiff, attempting to break in, he shot his gun via a hole in the shed, hurting the plaintiff. At first occurrence, the defendant effectively raised the justification of ex turpi to keep away from the claim. Conversely, the Court of Appeal approved the plaintiff's prayer, assenting that the defendant was neglectful to have shot blindly at body height, without a caution or even shooting a forewarning shot into the air, and that the response was out of every section to the danger (http://www.lawteacher.net/tort-law/lecture-notes/liability-for-land-premises-lecture.php accessed on 27 October 2009). This case was filed by Mr. Major Dhillon for recovery of damages resulting in financial losses. The financial losses were due to a number of breaches of duty on the part of one or more of the defendant accountants. These accountants were his advisors between 1997 and 2004. Further Mr.

Differences Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods Psychology Essay

Differences Between Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods Psychology Essay The aim of any science is gaining knowledge and choosing the appropriate method that allows us to know the reality is therefore essential1. The problem is to accept as true the wrong knowledge or vice versa. Inductive and deductive methods have different objectives and could be summarized as theory development and theory analysis, respectively. The inductive methods are generally associated with qualitative research while deductive method is often associated with quantitative research. Health Social scientists using qualitative approaches now facing epistemological and methodological problems that have to do with power and ethics in data generation as well as external validity of these2. The quantitative research is one in which data are collected and analyzed quantitative variables. qualitative research prevents quantification. Qualitative researchers make narrative records of the phenomena that are studied by techniques such as participant observation and unstructured interviews3. The fundamental difference between the methodologies is that the quantitative studies the association or relationship between quantifiable and qualitative variables makes structural and situational contexts4. Qualitative research seeks to identify the underlying nature of reality, its relations system, its dynamic structure. The quantitative research is to determine the strength of association or correlation between variables, generalization and objectivity of the results through a sample inference to a population sample from which all comes. After the study of the association or correlation seeks, in turn, make causal inferences as to why things happen or not a particular way. The most obvious differences between the methodologies are shown in Table 1 5.6. The fundamentals of quantitative methodology can be found in the positivism that arises in the first third of the nineteenth century as a reaction to the empiricism which was devoted to collect data without entering any knowledge beyond the field of observation. Some of the scientists this time focusing on issues related to health sciences are Pasteur and Claude Bernard, the latter being the proposed experimentation in medicine1. In the early twentieth century, neo-positivism arises or logical positivism to be one of the most important contributions to probabilistic induction. The key is logical positivism and testing hypotheses probabilistically if accepted and demonstrated in different circumstances from those develop general theories. The statistics available quantitative tools to test these hypotheses and to accept or reject a particular security7. Thus the scientific method, following an observation generates a hypothesis and subsequently broadcasts contrasting conclusions arising from that hypothesis testing. The verified repeatedly test an hypothesis does not give an absolute guarantee of generalization because, as Karl Popper points out, not it has no method can guarantee that the generalization of a hypothesis is valid8. With the example of the swans, K. Poppers thesis refuting the generalization neopositivists on assumptions9 all swans were white from Austria no data are available about the color of swans outside Austria all swans are white . At present there is no method to ensure that generalization of a hypothesis is valid, but one can refute a hypothesis with a shred of evidence against it. That is why science, as noted by K. Popper looking increasingly better explanations Advantages and disadvantages of the methods The advantages and disadvantages of qualitative vs. quantitative methods are shown in Table 2 11-13. In general, quantitative methods are very powerful in terms of external validity as a representative sample of the population makes inference to this population from a sample (Figure 1) With a defined security and accuracy. Therefore a limitation of qualitative methods is their difficulty to generalize. The quantitative research to test hypotheses not only eliminates the role of chance to exclude or reject a hypothesis, but to quantify the clinical relevance of a phenomenon by measuring the relative risk reduction, absolute risk reduction and number of patients needed to treat to prevent one event14. The question that obviously do qualitative and quantitative research is how are your general particularize ? Today there is a clear predominance of quantitative research in relation to qualitative and we can objectify it in a Medline search to date 20/4/2002 using the keywords quantitative research vs. qualitative research are 11,236 and 1,249 items respectively generating a ratio 11.236/1.249 = 8.99. The select one or other methodology may rely on different approaches: Are looking for the magnitude or nature of the phenomenon?, Is looking for an average or a dynamic structure?, It aims to discover laws or understand human phenomena?. When in the Medline search on the keywords above mentioned add nursing to focus the question in nursing work objectify the ratio of qualitative vs. quantitative items (610 vs. 535) clearly decreases to 1.14 thus showing a significant weight of qualitative research in nursing despite a predominance of the quantitative and still expanding in recent years in this group. The use of both qualitative and quantitative procedures in an investigation would probably help correct the biases of each method, but the fact that quantitative methodology is the most widely used is not the product of chance but of the evolution of scientific method along the years. We believe in this sense that quantification increases and facilitates the compression of the universe around us and long before the logical positivists or neopositivists Galileo Galilei argued in this sense measure what is measurable and make measurable what is not is . Table 1. Differences between qualitative and quantitative research5.6. Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Focusing on the phenomenology and understanding Based on the probabilistic induction of logical positivism Uncontrolled naturalistic observation Measuring pervasive and controlled Subjective Objective Inferences from their data Inferences beyond the data Exploratory, inductive and descriptive Confirmatory inferential, deductive Process-oriented Result oriented Data rich and deep Data solid and repeatable Not generalizable Generalizable Holistic Particularist Dynamic reality Static reality Table 2. Advantages and disadvantages of quantitative versus qualitative methods. Qualitative Methods Quantitative Methods Propensity to comunicarse withThe study subjects11 Proneness use ofThe study subjects11 It merely ask11 Only responds11 Horizontal communication between researcher and researched greater ease and ability to study social factors in a natural setting12 ÂÂ   They are strong in terms of internal validity, but weak in external validity, which are not generalizable to the population They are weak in terms of internal validity, almost never know if they measure what they want to measure, but are strong in external validity, what they find is generalizable to the population13 Quantitative ask: How particularize are the findings? Qualitative ask: Are your findings generalizable? Figure 1. Elements of statistical inference Quantitative methodology is one that can examine the data in figures, especially in the field of statistics. Quantitative Methods For there is required that elements of the research problem there is a relationship whose nature is linear. This means that there is clarity between the research components that make up the problem, it is possible to define, limit and know exactly where the problem starts, in which direction to go and what kind of impact between its elements. Quantitative research is widely used in the natural sciences and social, from physics and biology to sociology and journalism. In the social sciencesThe term is often used in contrast to qualitative research. Types of quantitative research [edit] Descriptive research [edit] It refers to the preparatory phase of scientific work that allows ordering the result of observations of the behaviors, features, The factors, Procedures and other variables of phenomena and facts. Such research is not hypothesis explained. Analytical investigation [edit] It is a more complex procedure with respect to descriptive research, which mainly consists in making the comparison of variables between study groups and control without applying or manipulating variables, studying them as they naturally occur in the groups. It also refers to the proposition hypothesis that the researcher is test or deny. hg Experimental Research [edit] It is a methodological procedure in which a group of individuals or conglomerate, are randomly divided into study groups and ontrol and are analyzed with respect to one factor or as the researcher introduced to study and assess. INTRODUCTION The research is a process thorough, careful and systematic which seeks to resolve problemsEither vacuum knowledge (scientific research) Or ManagementBut in both cases is organized and guarantees the production of knowledge or viable alternative solutions. In this test Needless to say, our object of study is to establish the differences between the qualitative research and quantitative research., although both are generally part of research science, which is defined as a methodical and systematic process aimed at solving problems or scientific questions, by producing new knowledge, which constitute the solution or answer to these questions. From this it is possible to reflect on the approach that there is clear: If we are trying to scientific research, it is possible to develop two major approaches: qualitative and quantitative, in the former means that the amount is part of the quality, as well as given further attention deep into the results and not its generalization, while in the quantitative approach, the important thing is the generalization or universalization of research results. Therefore, an investigation should not speak or to Paradigm Qualitative, Methodology Qualitative or Qualitative Research, as are the qualitative or quantitative approaches to scientific research, and both can be used in one investigation, interacting methodologies. We believe that differences are not present at the type of problem to be investigated, but in terms of the methods and instruments which each applies and the way they treat the results. We hope that the information gathered here helps to understand the importance of scientific research whatever the paradigm that is used. Finally, the combination of both paradigms help achieve optimal results research in the field of health and particularly in that the Nursing.. The Group 1 .- Qualitative Research The qualitative methodology, as its very name, is aim the description the qualities of a phenomenon. Find a concept that can cover a part of reality. This is not to prove or to measure the degree to which a certain quality is given a certain event, but to discover so many qualities as possible. In qualitative research should discuss in depth understanding rather than accuracy: it seeks a deep understanding as possible. The origins of qualitative methods are found in antiquity but from the nineteenth century with the rise of science social especially the sociology and anthropology This methodology begins to develop gradually. However after the Second War World there was a predominance of quantitative methodology with the dominance of functionalist and structuralist perspectives. It is not until the 60s that cut qualitative research methodology emerged as a front-line, mainly in United States and Britain. From this moment, in the academic and investigative there are a constant evolution theory and practice of qualitative methodology. Among the main features of this methodology include: Qualitative research is inductive. It has a holistic perspective, ie considering the phenomenon as a whole. These small studies scale which only represent themselves It emphasizes the validity of research through proximity to the empirical reality that provides the methodology. Not usually probe theories or hypothesis. It is primarily a method generate theories and hypoththesis. No rules procedure. The collection method data not specified in advance. The variables are not operationally defined or are prone to measurement. The base is in intuition. The research is nature flexible, evolutionary and recursive. Generally does not allow analysis Statistical You can incorporate findings that were not foreseen (Serendipity) Qualitative researchers involved in research through interaction with the subjects they study, is the measuring instrument. Analyze and understand the subjects and phenomena from the perspective of the last two; must delete or remove their prejudices and beliefs 1.1 .- QUALITATIVE FEATURES OF THE METHODOLOGY The characteristics of qualitative methodology that we can point to as a synopsis are A first characteristic of these methods has resulted in their Strategy to try to know the facts, processes, structures and people as a whole, and not through the measurement of some of its elements. The same strategy already indicates the Employment of procedures giving a character only to observations. The second characteristic is the use of procedures that are less comparable observations in the time and in different cultural circumstances, ie, this method finds less widespread and closer to the phenomenology and symbolic interactionism. A third important strategic feature for this work concerns the role of the researcher in their intensive-treatment-with the people involved in the research process to understand. The researcher develops and maintains guidelines and central problems of their work during the research process itself. For this reason, the concepts found in qualitative research in most cases are not operationalized since the beginning of the investigation, ie not defined since the beginning of indicators to be taken into account during the research process. This feature points to another debate epistemological, very hot, on the question of objectivity in the social research. 2 .- RESEARCH QUANTITATIVE Surge in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, in the process consolidation Capitalism and within the Society Western bourgeois. In order to analyze the conflict social and economic fact as Universe complex. Inspired by the Science Natural and these in physical Newtonian from knowledge of Galileo. With Claude Saint-Simon and Auguste Comte arises Sociology as Science. Their rationale is based on scientism and Rationalism, As institutionalists epistemological stance. Profound attachment to the tradition of Science and use of value-neutrality as a criterion of objectivity, so the knowledge is grounded in the facts, with little attention subjectivity of individuals. His representation of reality is partial and fragmented. The expert becomes a authority really. Hurtado and Toro (1998). They say the research Quantitative is a linear, meaning that there is clarity between the elements of the problem, which has definitions, limitations and know exactly where the problem starts, it is also important to know what kind of impact between its elements. 2.1 .- CHARACTERISTICS METHODOLOGY QUANTITATIVE Quantitative methodology is one that allows us to examine the data numerically, especially in the field of Statistics. Quantitative Methods For there is required that elements of the research problem there is a relationship whose Nature is linear. This means that there is clarity between the elements of the research problem that make the problem, it is possible to define, limit and know exactly where the problem starts, in which address going and what kind of impact between its elements. The elements consist of a problem, research Linear, are called: variables, Ratio between variable and unit observation. Edelmira G. La Rosa (1995) says that there should be clarity Quantitative Methodology between elements of research from which starts until it ends, the approach is static data is assigned numerical significance. The approach of the quantitative data are statistical, demonstrates with separate aspects of all, the meaning assigned numbers and make inferences Objectivity is the only way to achieve knowledgeAnd therefore uses the measurement comprehensive and controlled, trying to find the certainty of it. The object of study is the unique element Empiricus. She maintains that the relationship exist independence between subject and object, since the researcher has a perspective from outside. The theory is the fundamental element Social research, Brings its origin, context and purpose. Explanatory and predicative understanding of reality, under an objective conception, unitary static and reductionist. Linear conception of research through a Strategy deductive. It method Hypothetical Deductive. 2.2. QUANTITATIVE RESTRICTIONS The limitations are placed at a number risks distortion, the least of which is certainly not the conversion of the qualitative deformans in quantities previously artificially transmuted calculated on ad hoc data Gonzalez Casanova (1975) mentions that the prospect Quantitative and emphasis are related to many other characteristics of the researcher. Overall we can say that analysis Quantitative is typical especially in the social sciences who work with people, binds to Empiricism and the Ideology the process of Social Sciences. Sorokin researcher has indicated the limitations of quantitative research: Quantitatively disguised subjectivity. Quantitative conjugation groups to study the systems Social. Take one part of system as the independent variable (cause) and all of the quantitative data that can be seen in the research traditional. 3 .- Differences between quantitative and qualitative research The aim of any science is gaining knowledge and choosing the appropriate method that allows us to know the reality is therefore essential1. The problem is to accept as true the wrong knowledge or vice versa. methods inductive and deductive are objectives different and could be summarized as development theory and theory analysis, respectively. The inductive methods are generally associated with qualitative research while the deductive method is often associated with quantitative research. Social scientists in health Doctors, nurses, health technicians, etc.. Using qualitative approaches now facing problems epistemological and methodological approaches are concerned with the can and ethics in data generation as well as external validity of these. Quantitative research is one in which data are collected and analyzed quantitative variables. Qualitative research prevents quantification. Qualitative researchers are records Narrative of the phenomena that are studied by techniques as participant observation and interviews unstructured. The fundamental difference between the methodologies is that the quantitative studies the association or relationship between quantifiable and qualitative variables makes structural and situational contexts. Qualitative research seeks to identify the underlying nature of reality, its system of relationships, structure dynamic, While quantitative research tries to determine the strength association or correlation between variables, generalization and objectivity of the results through a sample to make an inference population which shows all relevant. After the study of the association or correlation seeks, in turn, make causal inferences as to why things happen or not a particular way. The Employment both procedures quantitative and qualitative research could probably help correct the biases of each method, but the fact that quantitative methodology is the most used is not product accident but the evolution of scientific method over the years. We believe in this sense that quantification increases and facilitates the compression of the universe around us and long before the logical positivists or neopositivists Galileo Galilei asserted in this sense measure what is measurable and make measurable what is not. Differences between qualitative and quantitative research Qualitative Research Quantitative Research Centered phenomenology and understanding Based on the induction probabilistic positivism logical Uncontrolled naturalistic observation Measuring pervasive and controlled Subjective Objective Inferences from their data Inferences beyond the data Exploratory, inductive and descriptive Confirmatory inferential, deductive Process-oriented Result oriented Data rich and deep Data solid and repeatable Not generalizable Generalizable Holistic Particularist Dynamic reality Static reality ÂÂ   Advantages and disadvantages of qualitative methods vs. quantity. Qualitative Methods Quantitative Methods Propensity to comunicarse withThe study subjects Proneness use ofThe study subjects It merely ask Only responds Horizontal communication between researcher and researched greater ease and ability to study social factors in a natural setting ÂÂ   They are strong in terms of internal validity, but weak in external validity, which are not generalizable to the population They are weak in terms of internal validity, almost never know if they measure what they want to measure, but are strong in external validity, what they find is generalizable to the population Quantitative ask: How particularize are the findings? Qualitative ask: Are your findings generalizable? One criticism that often make the quantitative approaches from the perspective of qualitative methods is their propensity to use more to communicate with, the study subjects. The argument is that the polls individuals used to extract them information which is then processed without holding without any sort of return to those who gave rise to the data. It is further said that the situation of interview is as artificial-one simply ask the other to respond, it is possible to make very strong questions about the validity of the data thus obtained. In change, Qualitative methods seem to find one of their sources of legitimation primaries that allow communication more horizontal-egalitarian-between the researcher and the subjects investigated. Without denying that some of the qualitative approaches such as depth interviews and life histories enable a more natural subjects, must be considered with more details on the conditions that make such encounters possible. In countries America America, including Cuba, Most studies are done on / socials subjects living under some form of subordination of gender (for women), sexual (in the case of sexual minorities, etc.). In many cases it is precisely this condition of subordination which gives rise to its willingness to collaborate. Authors such as Castro and Bronfman suggest that for more democratic we are, access to groups subordinate is given to us by what our status is. This produces a dilemma that challenges the root of the argument made at the beginning of this section, in the sense that qualitative research itself is claimed from his naturalism of his supposed ability to study the social actors in its natural setting. CONCLUSIONS The research is a rigorous, thorough and systematic which seeks to solve problems, either from lack of knowledge (scientific research) Or ManagementBut in both cases is organized and guarantees the production of knowledge or viable alternative solutions. Research is a methodical and systematic process aimed at solving problems or scientific questions, by producing new knowledge, which constitute the solution or answer to such questions Quantitative research is analyzing the various elements that can be measured and quantified. All information is obtained based on population samples and the results are extrapolated to the entire population at a given level of error and confidence level. Qualitative research reports on the credibility of the communication, or concepts, or the benefits offered. Qualitative studies are seen to individual respondent, on the one hand, and on the other hand look at the product, or under investigation and on which survey and that is the stimulus generator of certain behaviors among individuals. These observations acquire a character probabilistic, and hence projectable to the universe in a second stage of the investigation that it will be quantitative. Quantitative research uses numbers and statistical methods. Part of individual cases to reach a description general or check hypothesis causal. It says a quantitative systematic-generalizing. Qualitative research includes approaches by definition, not based on numerical measures. He uses in-depth interviews and analysis materials historical. Use the method of discourse and attempts to comprehensively examine an event or unit. They say quality-humanist discourse. From this it is possible to reflect on the approach that there is clear: If we are trying to scientific research, two approaches can be developed significant qualitative and quantitative, in the former means that the amount is part of the quality also be given greater attention to the depth of results and not its generalization, while in the quantitative approach, the important thing is the generalization or universalization of research results. Therefore, an investigation should not speak or to Paradigm Qualitative, Qualitative or Qualitative Research Methodology, as are the qualitative or quantitative approaches to scientific research.